the role of the temperament

1.

The role of the temperament
in behavioral disorders in
children
06.06.2026
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01 Fundamental
lexical hypothesis
To construct a listing of all personality-relevant
terms in the English language, Allport and Odbert
examined Webster’s New International Dictionary.
Terms were included in the list if they were
judged to possess ‘the capacity . . . to distinguish the
behavior of one human being from that of another’ a
domain specification that eliminates terms that refer
to common, non-distinctive behaviour.
With the addition of a few common slang terms
not (yet) included in Webster’s, the final list amounted
to almost 18,000 words.
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The terms were listed in four categories or ‘columns’:
1. Neutral terms designating possible personal traits: aggressive
2. Terms primarily descriptive of temporary moods or activities: abashed, rejoicing
3. Characterial evaluations: insignificant, worthless
4. Miscellaneous:
terms explanatory of behavior: pampered, crazed
physical qualities: roly-poly, lean
capacities or talents: able, gifted
It must be repeated that this four-fold classification is at best
only approximate and to a certain extent arbitrary. The substantial biophysical emphasis of
the term is secured by the use of the reflexive particle:
prefix self- fall into Column I: self-abasing, self-critical
prefix be- forces many words into Column II : bedazzled, bewildered
prefixes such as dull- , first- and great- destine their compounds to Column III: dull-witted, firstclass, great-hearted
prefixes as semi- and pseudo- to fall into a column devoted to analogies and metaphors
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02 “Big Five” model
Raymond Cattell took the original 4,500+ trait words the original
researchers used and narrowed them down to 171 traits by retaining
the adjectives and eliminating synonyms in the original list.
He then used advanced quantitative techniques such as Pearson
correlations and factor analysis with oblique rotation which resulted
in the narrowing down of factors from 171 to 12.
Later factor analysis completed by Fiske, Tupes and Christal reported
only five factors instead of 12.
Surgery,
Agreeableness,
Dependability,
Emotional Stability
Culture
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03 “Big Five” model
Norman successfully replicated Tupes and Christal's research on a
different data set using the same orthogonal rotation factor analysis
but relabeled some of Tupes and Christal's original category names:
Extroversion,
Agreeableness,
Conscientiousness,
Emotional Stability
Culture
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04 The Inventory of Children’s
Individual Differences
The ICID was developed by investigators in seven countries who collected parental
free-language descriptions of children from more than 3,000 parents.
FFM Scale
ICID subscale
FFM Scale
ICID subscale
Extraversion
Sociability
Agreeableness
Strong-willed
Extraversion
Considerate
Agreeableness
Antagonism
Extraversion
Activity Level
FFM Scale
Positive
Emotions
Openness
Extraversion
Extraversion
FFM Scale
ICID subscale
Neuroticism
Negative
Affect
Neuroticism
Fearful
Neuroticism
Shy
FFM Scale
ICID subscale
ICID subscale
Contentiousness
Organised
Openness
Intellect
Contentiousness
Achievement
orientation
Openness
Openness
Contentiousness
Distractible
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05 The use of the questionnaire
The study by H.R. Slobodskaya presents the superordinate structure of personality
measured by the Inventory of Child Individual Differences (ICID) and family environment
measures in parent reports of 1780 Russian children aged 3–17 years and
573 adolescent self-reports.
The results show that correlations between the Big Five and problem behaviours were
as expected: Disagreeableness and low Conscientiousness were strongly linked to
Externalising problems, low Extraversion and Neuroticism were mostly related to
Internalising while Openness was a protective factor for both kinds of problems.
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Academic language
terms
hypostatization
neuropsychic dispositions
psychophysical
sensorimotor function
redintegration
factorial variables
tetrachoric correlations
arbitrarily
generalized determining tendencies
empirical
unidimensional
oblique
orthogonal
constructions
it may be concluded
the purpose of this paper is to
we must guard against
this leads us to surmise that
we may properly say
would lend further empirical support
it is becoming more and more apparent
it is maintained
it is argued
this gives empirical grounds for
it seems implausible that
it is worth noting

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06 Sources
1
Allport G. W., Odbert H. S. Trait‑names: a psychological study //
Psychological Monographs. – 1936. – Vol. 47. – P. 1–211.
2
John, O. P. The lexical approach to personality: A historical review
of trait taxonomic research / O. P. John, A. Angleitner, F. Ostendor
f // European Journal of Personality. – 1988. – Vol. 2. – The lexical a
pproach to personality. – № 3.
3
Personality Structure as Derived From Parental Ratings of Free D
escriptions of Children: The Inventory of Child Individual Differen
ces
4
Slobodskaya, H. R. Two superordinate personality factors in child
hood / H. R. Slobodskaya. – 2011.
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