5. Avoiding plagiarism (5)

1. 5. Avoiding plagiarism

2. Contents

I. What is plagiarism?
II. Referencing
III. Summarizing

3. I. What is plagiarism?

4. What is plagiarism?

Plagiarism is when you borrow
over 3 words verbatim in a row
without proper referencing.
Plagiarism is a grave offense:
it will fail your assignment;
it will get you reported to DoE;
it can even get you expelled.

5. Plagiarism vs. Similarity

Plagiarism
More than 3 words in
a row borrowed
without proper
referencing
Similarity
plagiarism;
names;
titles;
terminology;
numerical data;
common nouns that
are difficult to
reword.

6. Plagiarism vs. Similarity

Original (by Nkuma, 2009):
Malware detectors are the primary tools in defense against
malicious software.
Plagiarism:
Malware detectors are good tools in defense against malicious
software.
Similarity:
Nkuma [1] claims that cybersecurity generally employs malware
detectors to protect users against malicious software.

7. How to avoid plagiarism?

1.
2.
Referencing
Summarizing

8. II. Referencing

9. II. Referencing

In-text citations
IEEE in-text citations
Et al.
Common citation mistakes
Should I cite this?
Direct quotations
Ellipsis
Reference lists

10. In-text citations

An in-text citation is a reference in an academic text.
An in-text citation tells the reader where you got the information
from.
You will have to use IEEE standard for your writing.
Examples:
… as Jones [6] shows.
Wood et al. [7] claim that ...
Scholtz [2, p. 45] has argued that ...
According to [5], little evidence are available.
This theory was first put forward in 1987 [1].
In [3, pp. 5–10], the resulting composite video signal was presented.
Several recent studies [3], [4], [15], [16] have suggested that...
Various approaches have been followed in the design of microwave circuits [7].

11. IEEE in-text citations

reference list at the end of the paper.
Start at [1] and continue in ascending order throughout the
paper.
Each in-text citation number should:
be in square brackets;
appear on the text line;
come inside sentence punctuation;
have a space before the bracket.
Example:
Researchers widely use Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorems [13] to
simplify circuit analysis.
Adapted from: https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/ieeereferencing/gettingstarted
Consist of numbers pointing to the appropriate sources in the

12.

Adapted from: https://guides.library.uwa.edu.au/c.php?g=914807&p=6592311

13. IEEE in-text citations

Footnote numbers
As shown by Jones [4] …
For more details, see [1], [3], [7].
as mentioned earlier [3], [4]–[6], [8] …
Taylor et al. [5] have noted …
Nouns
As seen in [2] …
According to [4] and [6]–[8] …
In contrast to [5, p. 7], it is evident that…
As demonstrated in [4] …
Adapted from: https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/ieeereferencing/gettingstarted
Treat citations grammatically as if they were:

14. Et al.

Use et al. when the source has more than 2 authors.
Example
Wood et al. [7] claim that ...
Taylor et al. [5] have noted …
Azzarello et al. [3] stated that they could not determine why …
Adapted from: https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/ieeereferencing/gettingstarted
et al. = et alia (and others) in Latin

15. Common citation mistakes

Bad: In reference [1], Jones discusses ...
Good: In [1], Jones discusses ...
Best: Jones [1] discusses…
Mistake 2
Bad: In Jones [2], a new approach for sensor and actuator
selection problems is proposed
Good: In [2], a new approach for sensor and actuator selection
problems is proposed
Best: Jones [2] proposed a new approach for sensor and
actuator selection problems.
Adapted from: https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/ieeereferencing/gettingstarted
Mistake 1

16. WARNING!

reference list numbers.
Editing the in-text citation numbers may require
renumbering the whole reference list.
Adapted from: https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/ieeereferencing/gettingstarted
Check that the in-text citation numbers match the

17.

18. Direct quotations

A direct quotation is when you take a phrase from a
source word-for-word using quotation marks and an
in-text citation.
You use quotations to show that the phrase belongs to
the other author and where you found it.
Examples:
Baez et al. have noted that "full 3D stacking can potentially offer
additional advantages for memory and processor applications" [7,
p. 14].
In fact, Wilde et al. [3, p. 21] suggest that energy storage is
achieved "by means of static charge rather than of an electrochemical process inherent to the battery."

19. Ellipsis

Ellipsis is when you use a set of dots (…) to indicate a
break in quotes
Ellipsis shows that you left some unnecessary words out
of the quotation.
Make sure that ellipsis does not change the original
meaning.
Examples:
As seen in [5, p. 14], “the proposed circuit has improved signal
attenuation … and has been experiencing less performance
degradation due to resistor variation.”

20. Reference list

A numbered list of references shall be provided at the end
of the paper.
The reference list shall contain full details of all sources
cited in-text.
The details on IEEE reference lists will be discussed later
in this course.
See http://journals.ieeeauthorcenter.ieee.org/wpcontent/uploads/sites/7/IEEE_Reference_Guide.pdf for
details.

21. III. Summarizing

22. Summarizing

1.
2.
3.
What is summarizing?
When to summarize?
How to summarize?

23. 1. What is summarizing?

giving the main points, but not the details
re-writing the original text using different
vocabulary and structure

24. 2. When to summarize?

when details are irrelevant
when the source is not important enough to
warrant much space

25. 3. How to summarize?

Use paraphrasing

26. Paraphrasing

27. III. Paraphrasing

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
What is paraphrasing?
Paraphrasing vs. quoting
How to paraphrase in 6 steps?
Shared language
Paraphrasing tips
Paraphrasing no-nos
Reporting verbs

28. 1. What is paraphrasing?

Using your own words to present the
information from the other text

29. 3. Paraphrasing vs. quoting

Paraphrasing
Quoting
shows that you totally
gives a precise definition
shows your own style or
shows the author’s style or
understand a text
language
improves the readability of your
text
language
provides evidence to support or
critique an argument

30. 4. How to paraphrase in 6 steps?

Read the original several times
2. Note down key concepts and shared language
3. Write your version without looking at the original
4. Compare your version with the original
5. Change phrases that are still too similar
6. Cite your source as per IEEE
1.

31. 5. Shared language

Words and phrases in the original that you cannot
state in any other way:
Titles
Proper nouns (names)
Terminology
Numerical data (dates and figures)
Common nouns that are difficult to reword

32. 5.1. Changing shared language

You can change the grammatical form of some
shared language keeping the original meaning.
Original
She won the election because
of her business career.
Paraphrase
Her background in business is
the reason she was elected [1].

33. Let’s take a detailed look at the 6 paraphrasing steps

34. 1. Read the original several times

Only 9% of the students who work part-time earn
sufficient income to support themselves.

35. 2. Note down key concepts and shared language

Original: Only 9% of the students who work parttime earn sufficient income to support themselves.
Shared language: 9%, part-time, students,
income

36. 3. Write your version not looking at the original

Of all the students who work part-time jobs, 9%
make enough money to earn a living.

37. 4. Compare your version with the original

Original:
Only 9% of the students who work part-
time earn sufficient income to support
themselves.
Your first paraphrase draft:
Of all the students who work part-time
jobs, 9% make enough money to earn a
living.

38. 5. Change phrases that are still too similar

Original:
Only 9% of the students who work part-time
earn sufficient income to support themselves.
Your second paraphrase draft:
Of all the students with part-time jobs, just
9% make enough money to earn a living.

39. 6. Cite your source as per IEEE

Original:
Only 9% of the students who work part-time
earn sufficient income to support themselves.
Your final paraphrase:
According to [1], of all the students with part-
time jobs, just 9% make enough money to earn
a living.

40. 6. Paraphrasing tips

Use synonyms
Use reporting words
Keep the shared language
Change the sentence structure
Start your first sentence at a different point
Break the information into separate sentences

41. 7. Paraphrasing no-nos

DO NOT change any of the ideas in the original
information
DO NOT change the verb tense of the original
DO NOT use more than 3 words in a row from the original

42. 8.1. Reporting verbs

accurately report the source text author’s position
express the significance of an idea or evidence
critically evaluate source information

43. 8.2. Three patterns to use with reporting verbs

44. Pattern 1

Writer + Reporting Verb + that + Subject + Verb
Acknowledge
Conclude
Explain
Observe
State
Agree
Demonstrate
Find
Predict
Suggest
Appear
Determine
Imply
Prove
Write
Argue
Discover
Indicate
Recommend
Assert
Doubt
Insist
Report
Believe
Estimate
Maintain
Reveal
Note
Show
Claim
Example:
Researchers [33], [34], [35] have demonstrated that the food additive is
harmful to children.

45. Pattern 2

Writer + Reporting Verb + somebody/something + for +
noun/gerund
Account
Criticize
Applaud
Emphasize
Blame
Praise
Condemn
Recognize
Stress
Example:
Marx [1] actually praised the United States for its freedom, which was
alien to Europe in the 1800s.

46. Pattern 3

Writer + Reporting Verb + somebody/something + as +
noun/gerund/adjective
Appraise
Depict
Percieve
Assess
Describe
Portray
Characterize
Dismiss
Present
Class
Evaluate
Refer
Classify
Identify
Regard
Define
Interpret
View
Example:
Although Friedman and Garibaldi [2] present their data as conclusive,
they failed to account for all the inconsistencies among the test subjects.

47. 8.3. Five variations for the patterns from 8.2 above

48. Pattern Variation 1

Writer + at + Where + Pattern + Information
Pattern 1 variation: Researchers [1] at The Center for
Decease Control found that the virus was highly
contagious among laboratory rats.
Pattern 3 variation: Donnie Chen at the Asian Police
alliance describes drug traffickers as the greatest threat
to public safety due to their massive arsenal of weapons
and the increasing willingness to use them [2].

49. Pattern Variation 2

In a report issued by/from + source + Pattern + Information
Pattern 3 variation: In a World Bank report [1], the
subcommittee on trade viewed the modest growth as
encouraging despite being well below projections.
Pattern 2 variation: In a report issued from the
University of Middle Florida [2], the researchers blamed
food companies for the sudden increases in grocery prices
which have caused many to reduce the number of daily
meals from three to two.

50. Pattern Variation 3

A + Year + Source + study/report + Pattern + Information
Pattern 1 variation: A 2004 Harvard study [13]
suggests that drinking coffee may indeed have health
benefits.
Pattern 2 variation: A 2019 British Commission report
[45] criticized city officials for waiting to long to report
the increased bacteria levels in the water.

51. Pattern Variation 4

According to + Source + Comma + Pattern + Information
Pattern 1 variation: According to Duey [45], the
genome test results support the substantial body of
archaeological evidence that concludes rice domestication
began in the Yangtze river valley.
Pattern 2 variation: According to the East Asia Alliance
Fund [34], the tourism boom does not account for the
dramatic increase in the food prices.

52. Pattern Variation 5

As + Writer + Reporting Verb + Comma + Information
Pattern 1 variation: As Johnson [1] argues, the research
conclusions should be viewed cautiously due to the small
number of subjects tested.

53. 8.4. Avoiding neutral verbs

Using a neutral verb: The Asian Police Alliance [34] says the rise
in drug trafficking in Asia is because of the influence of Western
pop culture.
Using a stronger reporting verb: The Asian Police Alliance [34]
blames the rise in drug trafficking in Asia on Western pop culture.

54. Try to paraphrase!

“But the hearing was about more than Facebook; it
exposed a critical turning point as the power,
sophistication and potential exploitation of technology
outpaces what users, regulators or even its creators
expected or seem prepared to handle.”
K. Roose, C. Kang, “Mark Zuckerberg Testifies on Facebook Before Skeptical Lawmakers,” The New York
Times, Apr. 2018. Accessed: Aug. 22, 2020. [Online]. Available:
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/10/us/politics/zuckerberg-facebook-senate-hearing.html

55. Example

Original
Paraphrase
According to Roose and Kang [1],
the hearing revealed that
But the hearing was about more
than Facebook; it exposed a critical technology has rapidly eclipsed any
expectations. Such technologies
turning point as the power,
now extend beyond what their
sophistication and potential
exploitation of technology outpaces creators, regulators, and users are
able to manage, due to their
what users, regulators or even its
immense influence, potential for
creators expected or seem
exploitation, and sophistication.
prepared to handle.
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/10/us/politics/zuckerber
g-facebook-senate-hearing.html

56. References

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
R. E. Berger, A Scientific Approach to Writing for Scientists and
Engineers. Hoboken, NJ, USA:Wiley-IEEE Press, 2014.
https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/how-to-paraphrase/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oiM0x0ApVL8
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/10/us/politics/zuckerbergfacebook-senate-hearing.html
https://www.slideshare.net/MGC1987/paraphrasing-summarizingand-citing-information
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/using_research
/documents/20200617ShouldICiteChart.jpg
https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/ieeereferencing/gettingstarted

57. The end