M1_Ch1_Introduction_Day3_Recording

1. Introduction to Chemistry – Chapter 1: Chemistry Methods and Measurement

CHE-1050 – Spring 2026

2. 1.1 Strategies for Success in Chemistry

Science of Learning Chemistry:
Repetition is central.

3. 1.1 Strategies for Success in Chemistry

Science of Learning Chemistry:
Repetition is central.
• In physical exercise, repetition is
required to build muscle.
• In learning, repetition is required for
long-term retention of facts.

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9.

10. 1.2 The Discovery Process

Chemistry:
the study of matter.
• its chemical and physical properties.
• the chemical and physical changes it undergoes.

11. 1.2 The Discovery Process

Chemistry:
the study of matter.
• its chemical and physical properties.
• the chemical and physical changes it undergoes.
• As matter undergoes changes, it gains or loses
energy.

12. 1.2 The Discovery Process

Chemistry:
the study of matter.
• its chemical and physical properties.
• the chemical and physical changes it undergoes.
• As matter undergoes changes, it gains or loses
energy.
Matter - anything that has mass and occupies space.
Energy - the ability to do work to accomplish some
change.

13. Role of Chemistry

14. Role of Chemistry

15. Role of Chemistry

16. Role of Chemistry

• How does the macroscale
properties result from atomicscale properties/phenomena?
• Chemistry aspect – how do we
synthesize new materials?

17. Role of Chemistry

• How does the macroscale
properties result from atomicscale properties/phenomena?
• Chemistry aspect – how do we
synthesize new materials?
Diamond: Hardness = 10
Resistivity ~ 1016 Ω·m

18. Role of Chemistry

• How does the macroscale
properties result from atomicscale properties/phenomena?
• Chemistry aspect – how do we
synthesize new materials?
Diamond: Hardness = 10
Resistivity ~ 1016 Ω·m
Graphite: Hardness = 2
Resistivity ~ 10-5 Ω·m

19. The Scientific Method:

Scientific Method = set of systematic
procedures for organized observation and
theory building.

20.

The Scientific
Method:
Scientific Method = set of systematic
procedures for organized observation and
theory building.
Hypothesis: attempt to explain observation(s).
Theory: hypothesis supported by extensive testing.
Data: the individual result of a single measurement.
Results: the outcome of an experiment.
Information summarization.
Scientific law: summary of a large quantity of
information.

21.

The Scientific
Method:
Scientific Method = set of systematic
procedures for organized observation and
theory building.

22.

Models in Chemistry
• Aid in the understanding of a
chemical unit or system
• Often based on everyday
experience.

23.

Models in Chemistry
• Aid in the understanding of a
chemical unit or system
• Often based on everyday
experience.
• Ball and stick model of
methane
• Color-coded balls (atoms).
• Sticks (attractive forces
holding atoms together).

24. 1.3 The Classification of Matter

Properties - characteristics of
matter scientists can use to
categorize different types of matter.

25. 1.3 The Classification of Matter

Properties - characteristics of
matter scientists can use to
categorize different types of matter.
Ways to categorize matter:
1. By State
2. By Composition

26. Three States of Matter

1. Gas - particles widely separated, no
definite shape or volume solid.

27. Three States of Matter

1. Gas - particles widely separated, no
definite shape or volume solid.
2. Liquid - particles closer together,
definite volume but no definite
shape.

28. Three States of Matter

1. Gas - particles widely separated, no
definite shape or volume solid.
2. Liquid - particles closer together,
definite volume but no definite
shape.
3. Solid - particles are very close
together, define shape and definite
volume.

29.

Composition of Matter

30.

Composition of Matter
• Pure substance - a substance that has only one component.

31.

Composition of Matter
• Pure substance - a substance that has only one component.
• Mixture - a combination of two or more pure substances in which
each substance retains its own identity, not undergoing a chemical
reaction.

32.

Pure Substances

33.

Pure Substances
• Element - a pure substance that cannot be changed into a simpler
form of matter by any chemical reaction.

34.

Pure Substances
• Element - a pure substance that cannot be changed into a simpler
form of matter by any chemical reaction.
• Compound - a pure substance resulting from the combination of
two or more elements in a definite, reproducible way, in a fixed ratio.

35. Mixture

Mixture - a combination of two or more pure substances in which each
substance retains its own identity.

36. Mixture

Mixture - a combination of two or more pure substances in which each
substance retains its own identity.
Homogeneous - uniform composition, particles well mixed, thoroughly
intermingled.

37. Mixture

Mixture - a combination of two or more pure substances in which each
substance retains its own identity.
Homogeneous - uniform composition, particles well mixed, thoroughly
intermingled.
Heterogeneous – nonuniform composition, random placement.

38. Physical Property versus Physical Change

Physical property - is observed without changing the composition
or identity of a substance.
Diamond: Hardness = 10
Resistivity ~ 1016 Ω·m
Graphite: Hardness = 2
Resistivity ~ 10-5 Ω·m

39. Physical Property versus Physical Change

Physical property - is observed without changing the composition
or identity of a substance.
Physical change - produces a recognizable difference in the
appearance of a substance without causing any change in its
composition or identity.
• conversion from one physical state to another.
• melting an ice cube.

40. Physical Property versus Physical Change

Physical property - is observed without changing the composition
or identity of a substance.
Physical change - produces a recognizable difference in the
appearance of a substance without causing any change in its
composition or identity.

41.

Physical Properties and Physical
Change

42.

Physical Properties and Physical
Change

43. Separation by Physical Properties

Magnetic iron is separated from other nonmagnetic substances. This
property is used as a large-scale process in the recycling industry.

44. Separation by Physical Properties

45.

Chemical Property versus Chemical
Reaction
Chemical property - results in a change in composition
and can be observed only through a chemical reaction.

46.

Chemical Property versus Chemical
Reaction
Chemical reaction (chemical change) - a chemical
substance is converted into one or more different substances
by rearranging, removing, replacing, or adding atoms.

47. Classification of Properties

Classify the following as either a chemical or
physical property:
a. Color
Sulfur
Bismuth
Bromine

48. Classification of Properties

Classify the following as either a chemical or
physical property:
a. Color
b. Flammability

49. Classification of Properties

Classify the following as either a chemical or
physical property:
a. Color
b. Flammability
c. Hardness

50. Classification of Properties

Classify the following as either a chemical or
physical property:
a. Color
b. Flammability
c. Hardness
d. Odor

51. Classification of Properties

Classify the following as either a chemical or
physical property:
Sucrose
a. Color
b. Flammability
c. Hardness
d. Odor
e. Taste
Citric Acid

52.

Classification of Changes
Classify the following as either a chemical or
physical change:
a. Boiling water becomes steam.

53.

Classification of Changes
Classify the following as either a chemical or
physical change:
a. Boiling water becomes steam.
b. Butter turns rancid.

54.

Classification of Changes
Classify the following as either a chemical or
physical change:
a. Boiling water becomes steam.
b. Butter turns rancid.
c. Burning of wood.

55.

Classification of Changes
Classify the following as either a chemical or
physical change:
a. Boiling water becomes steam.
b. Butter turns rancid.
c. Burning of wood.
d. Mountain snow melting in spring.

56.

Classification of Changes
Classify the following as either a chemical or
physical change:
a. Boiling water becomes steam.
b. Butter turns rancid.
c. Burning of wood.
d. Mountain snow melting in spring.
e. Decay of leaves in winter.

57. Intensive and Extensive Properties

Intensive properties - a property of matter that
is independent of the quantity of the substance.
• Color.

58. Intensive and Extensive Properties

Intensive properties - a property of matter that
is independent of the quantity of the substance.
• Color.
• Melting Point.

59. Intensive and Extensive Properties

Extensive properties - a property of matter that
depends on the quantity of the substance.
• Mass.
• Volume.

60. 1.4 The Units of Measurement

Units - the basic quantity of mass, volume or whatever quantity is
being measured.
• A measurement is useless without its units.

61. 1.4 The Units of Measurement

Units - the basic quantity of mass, volume or whatever quantity is
being measured.
• A measurement is useless without its units.
English system - a collection of functionally unrelated units.
• Difficult to convert from one unit to another.
1 foot = 12 inches = 0.33 yard = 1/5280 miles

62. 1.4 The Units of Measurement

Units - the basic quantity of mass, volume or whatever quantity is
being measured.
• A measurement is useless without its units.
English system - a collection of functionally unrelated units.
• Difficult to convert from one unit to another.
1 foot = 12 inches = 0.33 yard = 1/5280 miles
Metric System - composed of a set of units that are related to
each other decimally, systematic.
• Units relate by powers of tens.

63. Metric System Units

Mass - the quantity of matter in an object.
not synonymous with weight.
• Weight = mass × acceleration due to gravity.

64. Metric System Units

Mass - the quantity of matter in an object.
not synonymous with weight.
• Weight = mass × acceleration due to gravity.

65. Metric System Units

Mass - the quantity of matter in an object.
not synonymous with weight.
• Weight = mass × acceleration due to gravity.
Standard unit is the gram (g).
The pound (lb) is the common English unit.
1 lb = 453.6 g
Mass must be measured on a balance (not a scale).

66. Metric System Units

Length - the distance between two points
• Standard unit is the meter (m).
• The yard is the common English unit.
1 yd = 0.9144 m
Volume - the space occupied by an object
• Standard unit is the liter (L).
• The quart is the common English unit.
1 qt = 0.9464 L
Time
• The metric unit is the second (s).

67. Metric System Units

Length - the distance between two points
• Standard unit is the meter (m).
• The yard is the common English unit.
1 yd = 0.9144 m

68. Metric System Units

Length - the distance between two points
• Standard unit is the meter (m).
• The yard is the common English unit.
1 yd = 0.9144 m
Volume - the space occupied by an object
• Standard unit is the liter (L).
• The quart is the common English unit.
1 qt = 0.9464 L

69. Metric System Units

Time
• The metric unit is the second (s).

70. Metric System Prefixes

Basic units are the units of a quantity without any metric prefix.

71. Relationship among various volume units

Volume =
length × width × height

72. Relationship among various volume units

Volume =
length × width × height
Example:
Volume = 1 dm × 1 dm × 1 dm = 1 dm
1 dm3 ≡ 1 L
1 cm3 ≡ 1 mL
3

73. 1.5 The Numbers of Measurement

Information-bearing digits or figures in a number are
significant figures.

74. 1.5 The Numbers of Measurement

Information-bearing digits or figures in a number are
significant figures.
The measuring device used determines the number
of significant figures in a measurement.
The degree of uncertainty associated with a
measurement is indicated by the number of figures
used to represent the information.

75. Importance of significant figures:

76.

Importance of significant
figures:
Typical dosage is in the 500 – 750