Modals

1. Modals

Unit 4

2. Can

Тип
речення
Present
can
1.
+, -, ?
Physical or mental
ability, capability,
possibility
I can read French.
Permission
Can I take it?
1.
+, -, ?
Past
could
Future
To be able to
Форма
інфінітива
I could read I‘ll be able to help you.
French when I
was young.
He could have
guessed it.
Indefinite
Infinitive
Perfect
Infinitive
Polite request
Could I take
your pen?
Indefinite
infinitive
__________________
Doubt,
astonishment
Could she have _________________
incredulity
told it? (Невже)
Can she have told it?
He couldn’t be
(Невже)
sleeping then.
He can’t be sleeping now. (Не може бути)
(Не може бути)
1.
-, ?
All forms of the
infinitive

3. May

Тип
речення
Present
may
+, -, ?
Permission
May I use your phone?
Past
might
Future
To be
permitted/allowed
1.
Might I see your He will be permitted to
wife?
go there.
Uncertainty
He may be sleeping now. He said that he
might be
sleeping then.
1. Possibility due to
circumstances
____________
You may see him every
morning in the park.
1.
+, -, ?
+
4. Reproach
+
You might do it.
You might have
done it.
__________________
_________________
__________________
Форма
інфінітива
Indefinite
infinitive
All forms of the
infinitive
Indefinite
infinitive
Indefinite
infinitive
Perfect
infinitive

4. MUST

Тип
речення
+, ?, -
+, -, ?
+
Meaning
Must
1. Obligation,
necessity
a) due to
circumstances
b) obligation
consequently
inevitable
c) warning
Present
Must
We must come to the institute
every day.
I must go there tomorrow.
Every man must die.
You must not talk aloud in the
reading hall.
Форма
інфінітива
Indefinite
infinitive
2. Command,
emphatic request
You must leave the room at once.
Indefinite
infinitive
3. Probability or
supposition
bordering on
assurance
He must be reading the book now.
He must have already read the
book.
All kinds of the
infinitive

5. Have to

Тип
речення
+, ?, -
Meaning
Present
have/has to
(do/does)
1.Obligation We have to get up next
or necessity morning at seven at the
depending theatre.
Do we have to go there?
on
circumstan You don’t have to go in.
ces
Past
Future
had to
shall/will
(did)
have to
We had to tell most of my You’ll have to
things.
go home now.
Did we have to tell most Will you have to
of things?
go home now?
We didn’t have to tell We won’t have
most of things
to go home
now.

6. Should/Ought To

Тип речення
+, -, ?
+
-
Meaning
Should” and “Ought to”
1.
Moral
obligation, You ought to go to the movies
advisability or desirability more.
from the point of view of You should visit her in the
the speaker
hospital.
-an action which is You should have sent her to
considered
desirable school.
was not carried out;
-an action which is We have done things we ought
considered undesirable not to have done.
was carried out;
Форма інфінітива
All kinds of the
infinitive
Perfect Infinitive
Perfect Infinitive
+
2. to denote supposition You ought to be a happy wife.
bordering on assurance
Indefinite Infinitive
?
3.to express astonishment Why should I feel guilty about it?
or indignation (why)
Indefinite Infinitive

7. Shall

Тип речення
+, -
?
Meaning
Example
shall
1.
Order, You shall go
warning,
into
the
threat, promise dinning-room
(2, 3 persons) first.
2. to get an Shall I come to
order
or see you there?
instruction
from
the
person
addressed
(1, 3 persons)
Форма
інфінітива
Indefinite
infinitive
Indefinite
infinitive

8. Will/Would

Тип речення
+, -
?
-
Meaning
Will
Would
Форма
інфінітива
1. to express We will help I said that we
will, intention, you.
would
help
you.
determination
(1 person)
Indefinite
infinitive
2. to express Will you have Would you like
polite request a cup of tea? some coffee?
Indefinite
infinitive
3. to refer to The
knife The
window
wouldn’t open.
lifeless things, won’t cut.
they show that
the thing fails
to perform its
function
Indefinite
infinitive

9. To Be to

Тип речення
Meaning
To be to
Present
To be to
(am, is, are)
+, -, ?
1.Obligation We are to meet
resulting from at the theatre.
a previous
agreement,
plan,
schedule,
time-table
+, -
2. Order or
instruction
+, -
3. Possibility
Past
To be to
(was, were)
Форма
інфінітива
We were to Indefinite
work two hours Infinitive
every morning. Perfect Infinitive
He was to have
come at five.
You are to go to
sleep.
Indefinite
Infinitive,
Passive
Indefinite
Infinitive
He was not to
be found.
Passive
Indefinite
Infinitive