Effects of Controls

1.

Effects of
Controls
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

2.

EFFECTS OF CONTROLS
Subject Code
V2
Briefing Number
LB1
SubjectRevision
Code
LB1
Briefing
Number Date 1
Effective
1.0
Version
Reviewed By
0
12/June/2024
Jose Luis Losada Moro
01/August/2021
Effective Date
Lesson Title
Effects of Controls
Jose
Luis Losada
Moro
Reviewed
By Title
Lesson
Effects
The objectives
of of
thisControls
exercise are:
Learning Objectives
a.
To
familiarize
the
student
withexercise
the DA40 are:
handling characteristics.
The
objectives
of this
Learning
b. To a.
learn
the
effects
of
the
primary
and
secondary
in flight.
To familiarize the student with the controls
DA40 handling
Objectives
Resources
Performance Standard
c. To learn
how to select an attitude, hold it and trim.
characteristics.
b. To learn the effects of the primary and secondary controls in
flight. Manual
Core Techniques
c. To learn how to select an attitude, hold it and trim.
By the end of this lesson, the student should be able to understand the operation of the primary and secondary controls in
flight and know how to select, hold and trim an attitude.
Resources
XXXXXXX
Performance
Standard
By the end of this lesson, the student should be able to understand the
operation of the primary and secondary controls in flight and know how
to select, hold and trim an attitude.
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

3.

HEALTH AND SAFETY
• IN CASE OF FIRE ALARM OR EMERGENCY
REQUIRING EVACUATION FOLLOW ME TO THE
EXIT
• FOOD IS NOT ALLOWED IN THE CLASSROOM.
ONLY WATER IS ALLOWED.
• TURN OFF YOUR MOBILES DURING THE
LESSON
• THE TOILETS ARE…………………………..
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

4.

CONTENT
Objectives
Primary Flight Controls
Secondary Flight Controls
Effect of IAS
Effect of Propeller Slipstream
Effect of Power
Other Controls
Golden Rules
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

5.

OBJECTIVES
You must:
Be familiar with the DA40 handling characteristics;
know the effects of the primary and secondary controls; and
know how to select an attitude, hold it and trim.
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

6.

PRIMARY FLIGHT
CONTROLS
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

7.

PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROLS
ELEVATOR
Primary Effect
Pitch Up, Pitch Down
Secondary Effect
Airspeed Decrease, Airspeed Increase
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

8.

PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROLS
ELEVATOR
Control Stick Aft
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

9.

PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROLS
ELEVATOR
Control Stick Aft
Primary Effect = Pitch Up
Secondary Effect = Airspeed Decrease
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

10.

PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROLS
ELEVATOR
Control Stick Forward
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

11.

PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROLS
ELEVATOR
Control Stick Forward
Primary Effect = Pitch Down
Secondary Effect = Airspeed Increase
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

12.

PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROLS
AILERONS
Primary Effect
Roll
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

13.

PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROLS
AILERONS
Control Stick Right
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

14.

PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROLS
AILERONS
Control Stick Right
Primary Effect = Roll Right
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

15.

PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROLS
AILERONS
Control Stick Left
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

16.

PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROLS
AILERONS
Control Stick Left
Primary Effect = Roll Left
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

17.

PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROLS
AILERONS
Movement around Longitudinal Axis is ROLL
Deflection from Horizontal (Horizon) is BANK (Angle of Bank)
Amount of Deflection determines Rate of Roll (not AoB)
Once desired AoB is reached - Control Stick back to Neutral
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

18.

PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROLS
AILERONS
Secondary Effect
Yaw
ow
fl
r
Ai
Sl
slip
e
id
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

19.

PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROLS
AILERONS
Further Effect
Yaw
= Outer Wing Faster
= More Lift
= More Roll
ow
fl
r
Ai
Sl
slip
e
id
Develops into Spiral Dive
Maintain Bank Angle with AILERON
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

20.

PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROLS
AILERONS
Adverse Yaw
Aileron Deflection
= More Lift Outer Wing
= More Drag (Induced)
Prevents Aircraft Turning
Counteract Adverse Yaw with
RUDDER
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

21.

PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROLS
RUDDER
Primary Effect
Yaw
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

22.

PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROLS
RUDDER
Rudder Left
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

23.

PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROLS
RUDDER
Rudder Left
Yaw Left
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

24.

PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROLS
RUDDER
Rudder Right
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

25.

PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROLS
RUDDER
Rudder Right
Yaw Right
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

26.

PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROLS
RUDDER
Used to Achieve Co-ordinated Flight
Used to Counteract Undesired Yaw (e.g. Adverse Yaw)
Used for Crosswind Landing (Align Aircraft with Runway)
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

27.

PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROLS
RUDDER
Secondary Effect
Outside Wing Faster
= More Lift
= Roll (Same Direction as
Yaw)
Yaw Right
Roll Right
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

28.

ANY QUESTIONS?
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

29.

SECONDARY FLIGHT
CONTROLS
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

30.

SECONDARY FLIGHT CONTROLS
FLAPS
CL
CL max
Vso 60kt
Vs 66kt
Lowering Flaps
= Increase CL
= Increase in Lift
Increase CL MAX
Fl
s
p
a
= Lower Stall Speed
(T/O = 20°, LDG = 42°)
G
D
L
ps
a
Fl
UP
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024
L = ½ x ρ x V2 x CL x S
α

31.

SECONDARY FLIGHT CONTROLS
Drag
flap
sU
Lowering Flaps
= Increase Drag
= More Power
Required
P
flap
s LD
G
FLAPS
TAS
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

32.

SECONDARY FLIGHT CONTROLS
FLAPS
Effect of Flap
Lowering Flaps
= Increase in Lift and Drag
= Pitch Change
= “Ballooning” and Speed Reduction
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

33.

SECONDARY FLIGHT CONTROLS
FLAPS
Effect of Flap
Retracting Flaps
= Decrease in Lift and Drag
= Pitch Change
= Sink and Speed Increase
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

34.

SECONDARY FLIGHT CONTROLS
FLAPS
Take - off Flap Set
Shorter T/O Run (More Lift)
Reduced Climb Performance
s
flap
Lift-off
Lift-off
up
O
flaps T/
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

35.

SECONDARY FLIGHT CONTROLS
TRIM
Function
Control Surfaces (e.g. Elevator) can be “Trimmed”
Trim System Relieves Aerodynamic Forces on Pilots Controls
DA40 has Trim Tab on
Elevator
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

36.

SECONDARY FLIGHT CONTROLS
TRIM
Trim Nose Down
= Trim Tab Up (Applies Downwards Force on Elevator)
Trim Nose Up
= Trim Tab Down (Applies Upwards Force on Elevator)
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

37.

SECONDARY FLIGHT CONTROLS
TRIM
Trim Tab
DO NOT USE TRIM TO SET
PITCH
Set Attitude then Trim
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

38.

SECONDARY FLIGHT CONTROLS
TRIM
Level
Pitch (Attitude)
Power (Speed)
Trim
Departure
400ft AAL
Retract Flap
Re-trim
72kt (Vy)
Trim for Climb
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

39.

SECONDARY FLIGHT CONTROLS
FLAPS
Attitude
Power
Trim
Climb Entry and Levelling
Attitude
Trim
Power
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

40.

SECONDARY FLIGHT CONTROLS
TRIM
Glide/Normal Descent Entry and Levelling
Power
Attitude (S/L)
Trim
Attitude (@88kt)
Power
Attitude
Trim
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

41.

ANY QUESTIONS?
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

42.

EFFECT OF
AIRSPEED
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

43.

EFFECT OF IAS
Higher IAS
Larger Aerodynamic Forces
Less Control Surface (Elevator, Aileron, Rudder) Deflection Required
Control Surface More Effective
Control Surfaces “Harder” to Deflect (“Heavy / Stiff”)
Lower IAS
Smaller Aerodynamic Forces
More Control Surface (Elevator, Aileron, Rudder) Deflection Required
Control Surface Less Effective
Control Surfaces “Easier” to Deflect (“Sloppy”)
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

44.

ANY QUESTIONS?
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

45.

EFFECT OF PROPELLER
SLIPSTREAM
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

46.

EFFECT OF PROPELLER SLIPSTREAM
Ailerons not Affected
High Power Setting
Rudder and Elevator More Effective
Low Speed Higher Power (Approach)
Low Power Setting
Rudder and Elevator Less Effective
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

47.

EFFECT OF PROPELLER SLIPSTREAM
Clockwise Rotating (from Pilot’s View) Propeller
Propeller produces Spiralling Airflow along Fuselage
= Force on Left side of Vertical Stabiliser
= Yaw to Left
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

48.

ANY QUESTIONS?
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

49.

EFFECT OF
POWER
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

50.

EFFECT OF POWER
TORQUE
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

51.

EFFECT OF POWER
P-FACTOR
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

52.

EFFECT OF POWER
SUMMARY
Low Speed
Cruise speed
High Speed
High Power
Strong Nose
Left Tendency
Slight Nose
Left Tendency
Little/No
Effect
Cruise
Power
Nose Left
Tendency
Little/No
Effect
Slight Nose
Right
Tendency
Low Power
Little/No
Effect
Slight Nose
Right
Tendency
Nose Right
Tendency
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

53.

ANY QUESTIONS?
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

54.

OTHER
CONTROLS
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

55.

OTHER CONTROLS
ALTERNATE AIR
Emergency Use
(Normal Engine Air Intake
Blocked)
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

56.

OTHER CONTROLS
ALTERNATE AIR
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

57.

OTHER CONTROLS
ALTERNATE AIR
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

58.

OTHER CONTROLS
ALTERNATE AIR
Alternate Air
Intakes
Normal Operation
Alternate Air Intakes
Alternate Air Selected
Unfiltered Air from Engine
Compartment
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

59.

ANY QUESTIONS?
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

60.

AIRMANSHI
P
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024

61.

GOLDEN RULES
Relaxed Grip on Control Stick
Smooth Control Inputs
Aircraft Reaction Proportional to Input
Reaction Continues until Controls Centralised
Anticipate Aircraft Reaction
Toes on Rudder Pedals
Set SAME Rudder Pedal Position each Flight
Effects
of Controls.
0. 12-Jun-2024
Effects
of Controls.
RevRev
0. 12-Jun-2024

62.

Thank you for your attention!
Effects of Controls. Rev 0. 12-Jun-2024