The review of paradigms in Linguistics

1.

Lecture 2

2.

The review of paradigms in Linguistics
In the history of developing Linguistics three paradigms are
outlined. Traditionally, paradigm is defined as a system of
principles and approaches, options on which the researches are
based.
Comparative historical paradigm (XIX century) was
oriented towards diachronic researches, considering the
linguistic phenomenon from the historical point of view.
Structural Linguistics is an approach examining language
as a static system of interconnected language units. Structural
paradigm is evaluated as the shift from diachronic to
synchronic analysis and it considers the language as a system.

3.

Structural Linguistics is followed by Generative Linguistics. Within
the Generative Linguistics the researches were limited to what was
measurable and predictable; the individual thinking and contextual
meaning were ignored.
In the XXI century, there was a great change of the paradigm in
Humanitarian Sciences, particularly, in Linguistics. Anthropocentric
paradigm places the human being in the center and connects with all
spheres where he\she acts. It originated the interactive approach, which
broadens the scope of Linguistics, namely communication. In other
words, the perception of the world goes through beliefs, experiences,
traditions and cultural values. In its turn, the world perception is
represented in language.

4.

Cultural Linguistics is one of the branches of Linguistics, which
is based on anthropocentric paradigm.
Cultural Linguistics examines the segments of culture
expressed and fixed in language.
The question arises, what is the difference between
Ethnolinguistics and Cultural Linguistics as both of them deal with
language and culture? The difference is that while Ethnolinguistics
is restricted with the culture of one nation, Cultural Linguistics is
extended to many different cultures, and the first one is focused on
diachronic analysis, the latter one conducts diachronic as well as
synchronic analysis.

5.

Ethnolinguistics deals with the words, which have cultural
references. But it is restricted only within one ethnic language and
culture. And mostly it uses diachronic analysis focused on the
etymology – the origin of the word, identifies the representation of
worldview in the samples of folklore and stereotypes. The roots of
Ethnolinguistics go back to the ideas of W. Humboldt, E. Sapir, A.A.
Potebnja and it is developed by many scholars like V.N. Toporov,
V.V. Ivanov; N.I. Tolstoi, A. Kaidar, M. Kopylenko, etc.
Cultural Linguistics is focused on the linguocultural analysis of
culturally marked words: phraseology, proverbs, metaphors,
comparison, symbols and cultural constants.

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Cultural Linguistics is characterized by its various fields:
a)Cultural Linguistics may focus on a definite social or ethnic group
at a definite period of time in terms of culture;
b) Diachronic Cultural Linguistics;
c) Comparative\Contrastive Cultural Linguistics researches within
relative\non-relative cultures and languages;
d) Cultural Linguistics is expanded towards concepts, metaphors and
phrases.
e) Cultural Linguistics is developed in compiling dictionaries of
culturally marked language units, etc.

7.

Interrelation of Cultural Linguistics with other fields of
sciences is obvious. Cultural Linguistics is closely connected
with Sociolinguistics and it is reasoned by different factors:
language functions and serves for the needs of society;
different groups in the society according to social status, age,
profession, etc. communicate with each other through the
specification of their experience.

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Common attitudes, beliefs, and values are reflected in the
way members of the group use language – for example,
what they choose to say or not to say and how they say it.
Thus, in addition to the notion of speech community
composed of people who use the same linguistic code, we
can speak of discourse communities to refer to the common
ways in which members of a social group use language to
meet their social needs.
Culture can be viewed in threes perspectives: historical
(diachronic), social (synchronic) and imaginary
(metaphorical).

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Culture can be viewed in threes perspectives:
historical (diachronic)
social (synchronic)
imaginary (metaphorical)

10.

In language teaching and learning people often talk about
culture but this can be understood different ways I'd like to start
with one classification outlined by a man named Hector Hemmer
in 1982. He identified three areas or types of culture the first is
Achievement culture
Informational culture
Behavioral culture

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Achievement culture this would include architecture
music theater art literature the things that would be
considered the hallmarks of a civilization.
He also identified a category known as which he
termed informational culture these would be facts
about a country that are considered to be important such
as: geography or the government system the political
system history population family structure those kinds
of things.

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And finally he identified the third category as behavioral
culture these would include day to day life how to negotiate
life within the society, things like how to make greetings. In
the case of Japan the fact that you take off your shoes before
entering someone's home or the fact that it's acceptable to
slurp noodles when you're eating how to deal with. How to
respond to compliments those kinds of things are behavioral
culture and these kinds of culture are treated different ways in
different programs but I would suggest that it's the behavioral
culture that's most important in a language learning class.

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Achievement culture and informational
culture can be gained in other means but
it's the behavioral culture where
language and culture come together and
the most important and most significant
ways.

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Later on in 1996 as part of a National effort to identify
Standards related to language teaching and language learning
Committee identified culture in these ways as including
Perspectives which
would be - the meanings
attitudes values and
ideas of a culture.
Practices - the patterns
of social behavior social
interaction.
Products - the books
and things that a
culture produces.

15.

Galore Walker in 2000 identified that native speakers might see
their culture in three different ways or it could be classified into
three different areas
Revealed culture these would be things that a native speaker would be happy to
share about his or her own culture the things that they would want other people to
know other people to understand about his or her own culture.
Ignored culture would be those things that a native might not even think about
until a non-native might demonstrate that there's a different way of doing things.
Suppressed culture would include those things that a native may not be proud
of or may not want to share with someone from another culture

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‘’ Usually people think of culture as something that
a particular group of people have it's more than that it's also
something that happens to you when you encounter them.
Culture is an awareness a consciousness one
that reveals the hidden self and opens paths to other ways of
being.
Culture has to do with who you are. You can't
use a new language unless you change the consciousness that
is tied to the old one. Culture changes the way you look at
things.
Michael Agar

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‘’Culture is man's medium there is not one aspect of human life that
is not touched and altered by culture. This means personality
how people express themselves including (shows of emotion)
the way they think ,
how they move,
how problems are solved.
Culture is more than mere custom that can be shed or changed like a
suit of clothes. Culture controls behavior in deep and persisting
ways many of which are outside of awareness.
Edward T. Hall