Kangaroo

1.

2.

3.

kangaroo - кенгуру
[kæŋgəˈruː]
wallaby - кенгуру-
[ˈwɒləbɪ]
валлаби
tree-kangaroo древесный кенгуру
[triː-kæŋgəˈruː]

4.

wallaroo - крупный
[wɔləˈruː]
кенгуру
red kangaroo - рыжий
[red kæŋgəˈruː]
кенгуру
eastern grey kangaroo восточный серый
кенгуру
[ˈiːstən greɪ kæŋgəˈruː]

5.

western grey kangaroo
[ˈwestən greɪ kæŋgəˈruː]
- западный серый
кенгуру
antilopine kangaroo антилопиновый
кенгуру
[antilopine kæŋgəˈruː]

6.

Kangaroo

7.

The kangaroo is a marsupial from the family Macropodidae (macropods, meaning
"large foot"). In common use the term is used to describe the largest species from this
family, the red kangaroo, as well as the antilopine kangaroo, eastern grey kangaroo,
and western grey kangaroo. Kangaroos are indigenous to Australia and New Guinea.
The Australian government estimates that 34.3 million kangaroos lived within the
commercial harvest areas of Australia in 2011, up from 25.1 million one year earlier.
As with the terms "wallaroo" and "wallaby", "kangaroo" refers to a paraphyletic
grouping of species. All three refer to members of the same taxonomic family,
Macropodidae, and are distinguished according to size. The largest species in the
family are called "kangaroos" and the smallest are generally called "wallabies". The
term "wallaroos" refers to species of an intermediate size. There are also the treekangaroos, another type of macropod, which inhabit the tropical rainforests of New
Guinea, far northeastern Queensland and some of the islands in the region. A general
idea of the relative size of these informal terms could be:
wallabies: head and body length of 45–105 cm and tail length of 33–75 cm; the dwarf
wallaby (the smallest of all known macropod species) is 46 cm long and weighs 1.6
kg;
tree-kangaroos: ranging from Lumholtz's tree-kangaroo: body and head length of 48–
65 cm, tail of 60–74 cm, weight of 7.2 kg for males and 5.9 kg for females; to the
grizzled tree-kangaroo: length of 75–90 cm and weight of 8–15 kg;

8.

wallaroos: the black wallaroo (the smallest of the two species) with a tail length of 60–
70 cm and weight of 19–22 kg for males and 13 kg for females;
kangaroos: a large male can be 2 m tall and weigh 90 kg.
Kangaroos have large, powerful hind legs, large feet adapted for leaping, a long
muscular tail for balance, and a small head. Like most marsupials, female kangaroos
have a pouch called a marsupium in which joeys complete postnatal development.
The large kangaroos have adapted much better than the smaller macropods to land
clearing for pastoral agriculture and habitat changes brought to the Australian
landscape by humans. Many of the smaller species are rare and endangered, while
kangaroos are relatively plentiful.
The kangaroo is a symbol of Australia, appears on the Australian coat of arms and on
some of its currency, and is used as a logo for some of Australia's most well-known
organisations, such as Qantas, and as the roundel of the Royal Australian Air Force.
The kangaroo is important to both Australian culture and the national image, and
consequently there are numerous popular culture references.
Wild kangaroos are shot for meat, leather hides, and to protect grazing land.
Although controversial, kangaroo meat has perceived health benefits for human
consumption compared with traditional meats due to the low level of fat on
kangaroos.

9.

There are four extant species that are commonly referred to as kangaroos:
The red kangaroo is the largest surviving marsupial anywhere in the world. It
occupies the arid and semi-arid centre of the country. The highest population
densities of the red kangaroo occur in the rangelands of western New South Wales.
Red kangaroos are commonly mistaken as the most abundant species of kangaroo,
but eastern greys actually have a larger population. A large male can be 2 metres tall
and weighs 90 kg.
The eastern grey kangaroo is less well-known than the red (outside Australia), but the
most often seen, as its range covers the fertile eastern part of the country. The range of
the eastern grey kangaroo extends from the top of the Cape York Peninsula in
northern Queensland down to Victoria, as well as areas of southeastern Australia and
Tasmania. Population densities of eastern grey kangaroos usually peak near 100 per
km2 in suitable habitats of open woodlands. Populations are more limited in areas of
land clearance, such as farmland, where forest and woodland habitats are limited in
size or abundance.
The western grey kangaroo is slightly smaller again at about 54 kg for a large male. It
is found in the southern part of Western Australia, South Australia near the coast, and
the Murray–Darling basin. The highest population densities occur in the western
Riverina district of New South Wales and in the western areas of the Nullarbor Plain
in Western Australia. Populations may have declined, particularly in agricultural
areas.

10.

The species has a high tolerance to the plant toxin sodium fluoroacetate, which
indicates a possible origin from the southwest region of Australia.
The antilopine kangaroo is, essentially, the far northern equivalent of the eastern
grey and western grey kangaroos. It is sometimes referred to as the antilopine
wallaroo, but in behaviour and habitat it is more similar to the red, eastern grey and
western grey kangaroos. Like them, it is a creature of the grassy plains and
woodlands, and gregarious. Its name comes from its fur, which is similar in colour
and texture to that of antelopes. Characteristically, the noses of males swell behind
the nostrils. This enlarges nasal passages and allows them to release more heat in hot
and humid climates.
Kangaroos have single-chambered stomachs quite unlike those of cattle and sheep,
which have four compartments. They sometimes regurgitate the vegetation they have
eaten, chew it as cud, and then swallow it again for final digestion. However, this is a
different, more strenuous, activity than it is in ruminants, and does not take place as
frequently. Different species of kangaroos have different diets, although all are strict
herbivores. The eastern grey kangaroo is predominantly a grazer, and eats a wide
variety of grasses, whereas some other species such as the red kangaroo include
significant amounts of shrubs in their diets. Smaller species of kangaroos also
consume hypogeal fungi. Many species are nocturnal, and crepuscular, usually
spending the hot days resting in shade, and the cool evenings, nights and mornings
moving about and feeding.

11.

Wallaby

12.

A wallaby is a small or middle-sized macropod native to Australia and New Guinea,
with introduced populations in New Zealand, Hawaii, the United Kingdom and other
countries. They belong to the same taxonomic family as kangaroos and sometimes the
same genus, but kangaroos are specifically categorised into the four largest species of
the family. The term "wallaby" is an informal designation generally used for any
macropod that is smaller than a kangaroo or a wallaroo that has not been designated
otherwise.
There are nine species of brush wallabies. Their head and body length is 45 to 105 cm
and the tail is 33 to 75 cm long. The 19 known species of rock-wallabies live among
rocks, usually near water; two species in this genus are endangered. The two living
species of hare-wallabies are small animals that have the movements and some of the
habits of hares. The three species of nail-tail wallabies have one notable feature: a
horny spur at the tip of the tail; its function is unknown. The seven species of
pademelons or scrub wallabies of New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, and
Tasmania are small and stocky, with short hind limbs and pointed noses. The swamp
wallaby is the only species in its genus. Another wallaby that is the only species in its
genus is the quokka or short-tailed scrub wallaby; this species is now restricted to
two offshore islands of Western Australia which are free of introduced predators.

13.

The seven species of dorcopsises or forest wallabies and Dorcopsulus are all native to
the island of New Guinea.
One of the brush wallaby species, the dwarf wallaby, also native to New Guinea, is
the smallest known wallaby species and one of the smallest known macropods. Its
length is about 46 cm from the nose to the end of the tail, and it weighs about 1.6 kg.
Although members of most wallaby species are small, some can grow up to
approximately two metres in length (from the head to the end of the tail). Their
powerful hind legs are not only used for bounding at high speeds and jumping great
heights, but also to administer vigorous kicks to fend off potential predators. The
tammar wallaby has elastic storage in the ankle extensor tendons, without which the
animal's metabolic rate might be 30–50% greater. It has also been found that the
design of spring-like tendon energy savings and economical muscle force generation
is key for the two distal muscle–tendon units of the tammar wallaby (. Wallabies also
have a powerful tail that is used mostly for balance and support.
Wallabies are herbivores whose diet consists of a wide range of grasses, vegetables,
leaves and other foliage. Due to recent urbanization, many wallabies now feed in
rural and urban areas. Wallabies cover vast distances for food and water, which is
often scarce in their environment. Mobs of wallabies often congregate around the
same water hole during the dry season.

14.

Tree-kangaroo

15.

Tree-kangaroos are marsupials of the genus Dendrolagus, adapted for arboreal
locomotion. They inhabit the tropical rainforests of New Guinea and far northeastern
Queensland, along with some of the islands in the region. Most tree-kangaroos are
considered threatened due to hunting and habitat destruction. They are the only true
arboreal macropods.
Tree-kangaroos inhabit the tropical rainforests of New Guinea, far northeastern
Australia, and some of the islands in the region, in particular, the Schouten Islands
and the Raja Ampat Islands. Although most species are found in mountainous areas,
several also occur in lowlands, such as the aptly named lowlands tree-kangaroo. Most
tree-kangaroos are considered threatened due to hunting and habitat destruction.
Because much of their lifestyle involves climbing and jumping between trees, they
have evolved an appropriate method of locomotion. Tree-kangaroos thrive in the
treetops, as opposed to terrestrial kangaroos which survive on mainland Australia.
Two species of tree-kangaroos are found in Australia, Bennett's, which is found north
of the Daintree River and Lumholtz's. Tree-kangaroos have adapted better to regions
of high altitudes. Tree-kangaroos must find places comfortable and well-adapted for
breeding, as they only give birth to one joey per year. They are known to have one of
the most relaxed and leisurely birthing seasons. They breed cautiously in the treetops
during the monsoon season. Their habitats are breeding grounds for danger, as they
can easily fall prey to their natural predator, the amethystine python, which also
climbs and lives in the treetops. Tree-kangaroos are known to be able to live in both
mountainous regions and lowland locations.

16.

Lumholtz's tree-kangaroo is the smallest of all tree-kangaroos. Its body and head
length ranges about 48–65 cm, and its tail, 60–74 cm, with males weighing an average
of 7.2 kg and females 5.9 kg. The length of Doria's tree-kangaroo is 51–78 cm, with a
long 44–66 cm tail, and weighs 6.5–14.5 kg. Matschie's tree-kangaroo has a body and
head length of 81 cm, adult males weigh 9–11 kg and adult females weigh 7–9 kg. The
grizzled tree-kangaroo grows to a length of 75–90 cm, with males being considerably
larger than females, and its weight is 8–15 kg.
Tree-kangaroos have several adaptations to an arboreal life-style. Compared to
terrestrial kangaroos, tree-kangaroos have longer and broader hind feet with longer,
curved nails. They also have a sponge-like grip on their paws and soles of their feet.
Tree-kangaroos have a much larger and pendulous tail than terrestrial kangaroos,
giving them enhanced balance while moving about the trees. Locomotion on the
ground is by hopping, as with true kangaroos. Like terrestrial kangaroos, treekangaroos do not sweat to cool their bodies, rather, they lick their forearms and allow
the moisture to evaporate in an adaptive form of behavioural thermoregulation.
The main diet of the tree-kangaroo is leaves and fruit that it gathers from the trees,
but occasionally scavenged from the ground. Tree-kangaroos will also eat grains,
flour, various nuts, sap and tree bark. Some captive tree-kangaroos (perhaps limited
to New Guinea species) eat protein foods such as eggs, birds and snakes, making
them omnivores.

17.

Wallaroo

18.

Wallaroo is a common name for several species of moderately large macropods,
intermediate in size between the kangaroos and the wallabies. The word "wallaroo" is
from the Dharug walaru, not from blending the words "kangaroo" and "wallaby", as
is commonly assumed. Wallaroos are typically distinct species from kangaroos and
wallabies. An exception is the antilopine wallaroo, which is commonly known as an
antilopine kangaroo when large, an antilopine wallaby (when small), or an antilopine
wallaroo when of intermediate size.
Wallaroo may refer to one of several species:
The common wallaroo or wallaroo is the best-known species. There are four
subspecies of the common wallaroo: the eastern wallaroo and the euro, which are
both widespread, and two of more restricted range, one from Barrow Island (the
Barrow Island wallaroo), the other from the Kimberley region.
The black wallaroo occupies an area of steep, rocky ground in Arnhem Land. At
around 60 to 70 cm in length (excluding tail) it is the smallest wallaroo and the most
heavily built. Males weigh 19 to 22 kg, females about 13 kg. Because it is very wary
and is found only in a small area of remote and very rugged country, it is littleknown.
The antilopine wallaroo, also known as the antilopine kangaroo or the antilopine
wallaby, is a creature of the grassy plains and woodlands and is gregarious, unlike
other wallaroos which are solitary.

19.

Red kangaroo

20.

The red kangaroo is the largest of all kangaroos, the largest terrestrial mammal native
to Australia, and the largest extant marsupial. It is found across mainland Australia,
except for the more fertile areas, such as southern Western Australia, the eastern and
southeastern coasts, and the rainforests along the northern coast.
This species is a very large kangaroo with long, pointed ears and a square shaped
muzzle. They are sexually dimorphic as the males have short, red-brown fur, fading
to pale buff below and on the limbs. Females are smaller than males and are bluegrey with a brown tinge, pale grey below, although arid zone females are coloured
more like males. It has two forelimbs with small claws, two muscular hind-limbs,
which are used for jumping, and a strong tail which is often used to create a tripod
when standing upright. The red kangaroo's legs work much like a rubber band, with
the Achilles tendon stretching as the animal comes down, then releasing its energy to
propel the animal up and forward, enabling the characteristic bouncing locomotion.
The males can cover 8–9 m in one leap while reaching heights of 1.8–3 m, though the
average is 1.2–1.9 m.
Males grow up to a head-and-body length of 1.3–1.6 m with a tail that adds a further
1.2 m to the total length and are referred to by Australians as "Big Reds". Females are
considerably smaller, with a head-and-body length of 85–105 cm and tail length of 65–
85 cm.

21.

Females can weigh from 18 to 40 kg, while males typically weigh about twice as much
at 55 to 90 kg. The average red kangaroo stands approximately 1.5 m tall to the top of
the head in upright posture. Large mature males can stand more than 1.8 m tall, with
the largest confirmed one having been around 2.1 m tall and weighed 91 kg.
The red kangaroo maintains its internal temperature at a point of homeostasis about
36 °C using a variety of physical, physiological, and behavioural adaptations. These
include having an insulating layer of fur, being less active and staying in the shade
when temperatures are high, panting, sweating, and licking its forelimbs.
The red kangaroo's range of vision is approximately 300° (324° with about 25°
overlap), due to the position of its eyes.
The red kangaroo ranges throughout western and central Australia. Its range
encompasses scrubland, grassland, and desert habitats. It typically inhabits open
habitats with some trees for shade. Red kangaroos are capable of conserving enough
water and selecting enough fresh vegetation to survive in an arid environment. The
kangaroo's kidneys efficiently concentrate urine, particularly during summer. Red
kangaroo primarily eat green vegetation, particularly fresh grasses and forbs, and can
get enough even when most plants look brown and dry. One study of kangaroos in
Central Australia found that green grass makes up 75–95% of the diet, with Eragrostis
setifolia dominating at 54%. This grass continues to be green into the dry season.

22.

Eastern grey kangaroo

23.

The eastern grey kangaroo is a marsupial found in the eastern third of Australia, with
a population of several million. It is also known as the great grey kangaroo and the
forester kangaroo. Although a big eastern grey male typically weighs around 66 kg
and stands almost 2 m tall, the scientific name, Macropus giganteus (gigantic largefoot), is misleading: the red kangaroo of the semi-arid inland is larger, weighing up to
90 kg.
The eastern grey kangaroo is the second largest and heaviest living marsupial and
native land mammal in Australia. An adult male will commonly weigh around 50 to
66 kg whereas females commonly weigh around 17 to 40 kg. They have a powerful
tail that is over 1 m long in adult males. Large males of this species are more heavily
built and muscled than the lankier red kangaroo and can occasionally exceed normal
dimensions. One of these, shot in eastern Tasmania weighed 82 kg, with a 2.64 m total
length from nose to tail (possibly along the curves). The largest known specimen,
examined by Lydekker, had a weight of 91 kg and measured 2.92 m along the curves.
When the skin of this specimen was measured it had a "flat" length of 2.49 m.
The eastern grey is easy to recognise: its soft grey coat is distinctive, and it is usually
found in moister, more fertile areas than the red. Red kangaroos, though sometimes
grey-blue in colour, have a totally different face than eastern grey kangaroos. Red
kangaroos have distinctive markings in black and white beside their muzzles and
along the sides of their face. Eastern grey kangaroos do not have these markings, and
their eyes seem large and wide open.

24.

Where their ranges overlap, it is much more difficult to distinguish between eastern
grey and western grey kangaroos, which are closely related. They have a very similar
body and facial structure, and their muzzles are fully covered with fine hair (though
that is not obvious at a distance, their noses do look noticeably different from the
noses of reds and wallaroos). The eastern grey's colouration is a light-coloured grey or
brownish-grey, with a lighter silver or cream, sometimes nearly white, belly. The
western grey is a dark dusty brown colour, with more contrast especially around the
head. Indigenous Australian names include iyirrbir and kucha. The highest ever
recorded speed of any kangaroo was 64 kilometres per hour set by a large female
eastern grey kangaroo.
Eastern grey kangaroos are gregarious and form open-membership groups. The
groups contain an average of three individuals. Smaller groups join together to graze
in preferred foraging areas, and to rest in large groups around the middle of the day.
They exist in a dominance hierarchy and the dominant individuals gain access to
better sources of food and areas of shade. However, kangaroos are not territorial.
Eastern grey kangaroos adjust their behaviour in relation to the risk of predation with
reproductive females, individuals on the periphery of the group and individuals in
groups far from cover being the most vigilant. Vigilance in individual kangaroos does
not seem to significantly decrease when the size of the group increases. However,
there is a tendency for the proportion of individuals on the periphery of the group to
decline as group size increases. The open membership of the group allows more
kangaroos to join and thus provide more buffers against predators.

25.

Western grey kangaroo

26.

The western grey kangaroo, also referred to as a western grey giant kangaroo, blackfaced kangaroo, mallee kangaroo, and sooty kangaroo, is a large and very common
kangaroo found across almost the entire southern part of Australia, from just south of
Shark Bay through coastal Western Australia and South Australia, into western
Victoria, and in the entire Murray–Darling basin in New South Wales and
Queensland.
The western grey kangaroo is one of the largest macropods in Australia. It weighs 28–
54 kg and its length is 0.84–1.1 m with a 0.80–1.0 m tail, standing approximately 1.3 m
tall. It exhibits sexual dimorphism with the male up to twice the size of female. It has
thick, coarse fur with colour ranging from pale grey to brown; its throat, chest and
belly have a paler colour.
This species is difficult to distinguish from its sibling species, the eastern grey
kangaroo. However, the western grey kangaroo has darker grey-brown fur, darker
colouration around the head, and sometimes has a blackish patch around the elbow.
It feeds at night, mainly on grasses but also on leafy shrubs and low trees. It has a
nickname "stinker" because mature males have a distinctive curry-like odour.

27.

The western grey kangaroo lives in groups of up to 15. The males compete for females
during the breeding season. During these "boxing" contests, they lock arms and try to
push each other over. Usually, only the dominant male in the group mates. The
gestation period is 30–31 days, after which the incompletely developed fetus (referred
to as a joey) attaches to the teat in the pouch for 130–150 days. Females sexually
mature between 26 and 36 months while males mature at around 72 months.
The western grey kangaroo is closely related to the eastern grey kangaroo (M.
giganteus), and their distribution overlaps extensively, especially in the Murray–
Darling basin. However, the two species interbreed only rarely in the wild. Although
hybridisation occurs in both directions in the overlap zone between the two species
in the wild, this does not seem to be the case with captive animals. Although
interbreeding between the two species does occasionally occur in captive animals,
viable offspring are only produced when the mating pair consists of a female eastern
grey kangaroo and a male western grey kangaroo. This is an example of
unidirectional hybridisation.

28.

Antilopine kangaroo

29.

The antilopine kangaroo, also known as the antilopine wallaroo or the antilopine
wallaby, is a species of macropod found in northern Australia: in Cape York
Peninsula in Queensland, the Top End of the Northern Territory, and the Kimberley
region of Western Australia. It is a locally common, gregarious grazer.
The antilopine kangaroo is a larger species of Osphranter, a genus of kangaroos and
wallabies. They share many characteristics with others of the genus, but have longer
and more slender limbs like the larger species of the genus. The fur is short, pale at
the ventral side and grading to a reddish tan colour over the upper parts of the pelage.
Females have similar coloration, although lighter and with greyish fur at the head
and shoulders. A patch or stripe of paler coloured fur is seen at the lower part of the
head, and a lighter colour at the inside and edge of the ear sharply contrasts with the
darker fur colour of outer side. The paws of the front and hind legs are very dark, and
contrast the lighter fur of the lower limb. Their tails are thickly covered in fur, a
uniform width along its length, and a paler shade of the upper body colour. The bare
skin of the rhinarium is black.
Measurements of the head and body combined is up to 1.2 metres for males, with a
tail to 900 mm, and no longer than 840 mm for females, whose tails are up to 700 mm.
Their standing height, from the crown of the head to the ground, is approximately 1.1
metres. The female may weigh up to 20 kilograms, and males may be over twice this
weight at 49 kg.

30.

The male's head shape, like the red kangaroo Osphranter rufus, resembles that of a
mule. The antilopine kangaroo is one of a few macropods to display sexual
dimorphism, with the male being mostly a reddish colour above, and females being
considerably greyer. It is one of the largest macropods, being only slightly smaller
than the red kangaroo and the eastern grey kangaroo.
The distribution range extends inland from the northern coast of the continent, from
the Kimberley region in Western Australia across the Top End and narrowly
extending to a wider range at tropical regions at the east of Cape York. The
population in Queensland is geographically isolated from others by an
environmental barrier below the gulf of Carpentaria, and a second and third clade are
weakly distinguishable in the Northern Territory and Kimberley.
The habitat preferred by O. antilopinus is tropical, with perennial grasses providing
forage, in vegetation occurring over lower hills and plains. The grasslands of its
habitat are found in association with monsoonal eucalypts, as open or regenerating
woodlands, or as the dominant vegetation of unwooded plains. They are only found
at altitudes less than 500 metres. The species is locally common in parts of the wide
range, but these groups occur in a patchy distribution within this area.