Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky

1.

Презентация на тему:
« Чайковский Пётр Ильич»
Выполнили учащиеся ОИБ11-122АП
Бушнев Александр Владимирович
Васильченко Максим Владимирович

2.

Birth
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky was born on April 25, 1840 in the village of Votkinsk, Sarapulsky
District, Vyatka Province (now the city of Votkinsk, Udmurtia) at the Kamsko-Votkinsk
plant. On May 5 of the same year he was baptized in the Votkinsk Cathedral of the
Annunciation; successors were Archpriest Vasily Blinov and Nadezhda Timofeevna Valtseva.
He was the second child in the family: in 1838 his elder brother Nicholas was born, in 1842
- his sister Alexandra (married Davydov), and in 1843 - Hippolyte. Together with the
Tchaikovskys, other relatives of Ilya Petrovich also lived: his aunt - Nadezhda Timofeevna
and nieces - Lydia Tchaikovsky (orphan) and Nastasya Vasilievna Popova. The children lived
in the mezzanine of the house.

3.

Pyotr Ilyich's parents loved music: his father played the flute in his youth, and his
mother once played the harp and piano, and also sang romances. Fanny Dürbach
did not have any musical education, but she also loved music. As in any decent
house, in the house of the Tchaikovskys there was a grand piano, as well as a
mechanical organ taken from the capital - an orchestra. However, it was the
orchestra, in the performance of which little Peter first heard Zerlina's aria from
Mozart's opera Don Giovanni, that made the strongest impression on him. On the
rollers of this organ there were also excerpts from operas by Rossini, Bellini and
Donizetti. To the piano, probably, Peter was first brought by his mother, then in
1845-1848 Marya Markovna Palchikova, who was from the serfs and learned to
read and write and music with copper money, studied with him. While the family
lived in Votkinsk, they often heard melodious folk songs of factory workers and
peasants in the evenings. As a child, Pyotr Tchaikovsky composed inept poems,
mostly in French, and was very interested in the biography of Louis XVII; in 1868, as
an adult, he purchased an engraving depicting Louis in the Temple in Paris and
framed it. This engraving and portrait of Anton Rubinstein for a long time were the
only decorations of his home.

4.

Youth
Parents planned to send Pyotr Tchaikovsky to study at the Mining Corps, as well as Nicholas, but they changed their minds. In early August
1850, with his mother and sisters Zinaida and Alexandra, he arrived in St. Petersburg to enter the preparatory class of the Imperial School of
Jurisprudence - a closed male educational institution located on the corner of the embankment of the Fontanka River and the street now
named after the composer.
On August 22, 1850, he and his mother visited the theater, where they gave the opera "A Life for the Tsar" by Glinka, and he first heard Russian
opera performed by a large orchestra, choir and soloists, and in mid-October he visited the ballet "Giselle" by Adolphe Adam, in which the
main part was performed by the Italian ballerina Carlotta Grisi. In October, Alexandra Andreevna returned to Alapaevsk - "nasty Alapaikha", as
Peter calls the city in one of his letters to his parents. Separation from his mother was a severe emotional trauma. His St. Petersburg trustee
was a family friend, Modest Vakar, who took him and his brother Nicholas to his place on Sunday. On one such Sunday, Tchaikovsky
accidentally brought scarlet fever into their house, which appeared in one of the preparatory classes of the School of Jurisprudence, Modest
Vakar's five-year-old son Nikolai fell ill and died suddenly. Seeing the corpse of the boy and for the first time faced with this irreparable grief,
ten-year-old Pyotr Tchaikovsky blamed himself for everything, although no one reproached him and even hid his diagnosis from him.
By the spring of 1851, the care of Modest Vakar was replaced by the care of Ivan Ivanovich Veits and Platon Vakar. In April of the same year,
Pyotr Tchaikovsky saw Emperor Nicholas I for the first time, "as close as daddy's sofa stands from his desk in the office," at a children's ball in
the Noble Assembly. In sentimental and passionate letters to his parents, he begged his parents to visit him, but for the whole of 1851 only his
father came, for three weeks in September.
According to many biographers, Pyotr Tchaikovsky first encountered the manifestation of homosexuality during his years of study at the
Imperial School of Jurisprudence (1852-1859). Being a closed men's educational institution, it, like other educational institutions of this type,
including foreign ones, predisposed to the emergence of emotionally tense and homoerotically colored "special friendships", both platonic
love feelings and aimed at the physical satisfaction of sexual needs between classmates during pubertal hypersexuality. Joint visits to the
bathhouse and dance lessons also played a role here, where pupils danced with each other: one in the role of a gentleman, the other in the
role of a lady. On the one hand, the study of this period of the composer's life in Soviet Tchaikovsky studies was taboo, on the other hand, this
period has an insufficient number of sources, namely epistolary and diary entries, and therefore this topic is little covered in biographical
literature!

5.

Books in the life and work of the composer
The craving for reading and literature was instilled in Tchaikovsky in childhood by the governess Fanny Durbach,
invited by parents to study with older children. From the age of six, the boy was fluent in French and German.
Some family books have been preserved by the composer. Among them are "Quentin Dorward" by W. Scott (in
French), "Ondine" by F. Lamotte-Fouquet in poetic translation by V. A. Zhukovsky, the Gospel belonging to the
mother and a collection of stichera and canons, the magazine "Telescope" for 1833.
N. N. Berberova noted that by 1877 Tchaikovsky had almost no books in the house: his favorite Otto Jahn "Biography of Mozart", Stendhal, two dozen random historical books ... But he never had Pushkin. The composer,
who was fascinated by the idea of writing the opera "Eugene Onegin", was forced to look for a book from secondhand booksellers. Tchaikovsky began to collect his own library after moving to Moscow in the late 1860s, and
most actively in the mid-1880s with the beginning of life in Klin estates.
In the posthumous inventory of property, compiled by the Klin bailiff on October 27, 1893, 1239 editions were
indicated, including 774 books and 465 musical materials dating back to the XVIII-XIX centuries. The earliest of
these is the French Bible, published in 1736. The music critic and composer G. A. Laroche, who knew
Tchaikovsky intimately, wrote that literature was for the composer "after music, his main and most significant
interest." The composer acquired the necessary editions not only in Moscow and St. Petersburg, but also during
trips to other cities of Russia and Europe. His library contains books, in addition to Russian, in six languages French, German, Italian, English, Czech and Latin.

6.

Creation
Tchaikovsky is the brightest representative of musical romanticism in Russia of the XIX century. Unlike the
Kuchkists, he did not declare his desire "to new shores", never expressed a desire to become a "composerreformer". Tchaikovsky was influenced by the typical compositional principles and techniques of Western European
romanticism – program music, leitmotif system, tonal harmony (using modalisms and sequences typical of
romantics), accent metrics, musical form, counterpoint, orchestration. At the same time, Tchaikovsky's music has a
pronounced specificity, unmistakably grasped by ear. The precise definition of this intuitive specificity is a scientific
problem. Usually, researchers distinguish two main creative vectors of Tchaikovsky: the vector of national
specificity and the vector of "general romantic" Western European stylistics. For church singing in Russia, both in
the practice of performance and in writing, until the end of the 1870s, the concert "Western Italian" choral style
was characteristic (established at the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries). Europeanized church singing was practiced in
churches, and the tastes of Orthodox parishioners were formed under the influence of the works of D. S.
Bortnyansky, A. L. Vedel and other composers who composed Russian church music in the Italian or German
tradition. Tchaikovsky was a very prolific composer. In total, he created more than 80 pieces of music, including 10
operas, 3 ballets and 4 suites.

7.

Years of world fame
Having reached great creative heights by the end of the 1870s, being the author of
such works as the Fantasia "Francesca da Rimini", the Fourth Symphony, the opera
"Eugene Onegin", the ballet "Swan Lake", the First Piano Concerto, Tchaikovsky at the
turn of the new decade enters the highest stage of artistic maturity.
In 1880, Tchaikovsky received the Order of St. Vladimir IV degree for the overture
"1812". In May 1881, he applied for the issuance of three thousand rubles in silver from
the state sums on a loan: "that is, so that my debt to the treasury is gradually repaid by
the performance fee due to me from the Directorate of the Imperial Theaters." The
request was addressed to Emperor Alexander III, but the letter itself was sent to the
Chief Procurator of the Holy Synod, K. P. Pobedonostsev, in view of the fact that the
latter was "the only dignitary close to the Emperor to whom I have the honor to be
personally known." Tchaikovsky explained the reason for his appeal as follows: "This
amount would free me from debts (made out of necessity, both my own and some of my
relatives) and would return to me that peace of mind that my soul longs for." According
to the report of the Chief Procurator, the emperor sent Pobedonostsev three thousand
rubles for Tchaikovsky as a non-refundable allowance.

8.

Death
The theme of the death of the Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky on October 25 (November 6), 1893, which
repeatedly attracted the attention of musicologists in Russia and abroad, divided them into two irreconcilable camps:
supporters of the official version of the composer's death from cholera, based on the memoirs of contemporaries and
reports of the St. Petersburg press in the fall of 1893, and supporters of the version of the composer's suicide, which is
based on oral reports and assumptions. Wide interest in it arose in the 1980s in connection with the publication in the
United States of a number of articles by the émigré musicologist Alexandra Orlova. American musicologist specializing
in nineteenth-century Russian music and ballet, Roland John Wiley. in the book Tchaikovsky, published in 2009 by
Oxford University Press, he offered another version of the composer's death: "death arose as a result of a combination
of [negative] factors" of Tchaikovsky's lifestyle during the last years of his life, superimposed on the catarrh of the
stomach diagnosed in him.
Memories of the composer's death were left by his relatives and friends, in October 1893, newspapers published daily
reports on the state of Tchaikovsky's health. At different times, articles and books about this tragic event were
published by musicologists, culturologists, historians. Attempts to establish the causes of the composer's death were
also made by representatives of the natural sciences - professor-microbiologist Nikolai Blinov in the monograph "The
Last Illness and Death of P. I. Tchaikovsky. Before and After the Tragedy" (1994) and psychiatrist Zinaida Ageeva in the
book "Tchaikovsky. Genius and Suffering" (2019).

9.

Heritage
Museums
Alapaevsk is the Tchaikovsky Museum. A monument
was erected, by Vasily Ushakov.
Brailov – Museum of P. I. Tchaikovsky and N. F. von
Meck.
Votkinsk is the Museum-Estate of P. I. Tchaikovsky.
Kamenka is the Kamenka State Historical and Cultural
Reserve (Pushkin and Tchaikovsky Memorial
Museum).
Klin is the State House-Museum of P. I. Tchaikovsky. A
monument was erected, the author is a
corresponding member of the Russian Academy of
Arts Alexander Rozhnikov.
Moscow — Museum "P. I. Tchaikovsky and Moscow"
(Kudrinskaya Square, 46/54).
Nizy - P. I. Tchaikovsky Museum, in the building of the
estate of N. D. Kondratiev.
Taganrog – a room-museum in the Tchaikovsky
House.
Film adaptation of works
Eugene Onegin (1958)
The Queen of Spades (1960)
Sleeping Beauty (1964)
Swan Lake (1968)
The Nutcracker (animated film, 1973)
The Nutcracker and the Mouse King (1999)
The Nutcracker (animated film, 2004)
The Nutcracker and the Rat King (movie,
2010)

10.

Thank you for your attention