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Research methodology
1. Research Methodology
2. General Approach
• Inductive• Deductive
• Hypothetico-deductive
3.
General ApproachScientific/research paradigms/worldviews
Positivist (experiential)
Hermeneutic
Post-positivist
Interpretive-phenomenological
Critical
Post-modern, deconstructivist
4. General Approach
• Quantitative• Qualitative
• Combination of quantitative and
qualitative
5. Variables
• What are your variables?• Can you distinguish between independent and
dependent variables?
• What are the indicators for measuring your
variables?
• What are your conceptual and operational
definitions?
• What are the levels of measurement:
– Nominal, ordinal, interval and scale variables
• What are your units of analysis?
6. Validity and Reliability
• How valid are your:– Instruments?
– Data?
– Findings?
• How reliable is your research?
7. Sampling Strategy
• What is your sampling strategy?– Representative:
• Simple random
• Stratified random
• Cluster
– Non-representative:
• Quota
• Purposive
• Snowball
• Convinience
• What is your sample size?
8. Resources and Ethics
• What resources do you have?– Time?
– Money?
– People?
• What equipment do you need?
• Does your research involve ethical issues? How
do you address them?
9. Participant Observation
• Participant observation:– Design schedules for:
• Observations
• Natural conversations
• Various kinds of interviews (structured, semistructured,
unstructurred)
• Checklists
• Questionnaires
• Unobtrusive methods
– Identify resources
• Language
• Time
– Issue of objectivity
– Issue of gender
10. Methods: Survey
• Questionnaire survey design– Personal interviews
– Self-administered survey
– Telephone survey
– Using interviewers
– Pilot survey
11. Methods: Focus Groups
• Focus group discussions– How many?
– How many respondents in each group?
– How are focus groups composed?
– Schedule of questions
12. Other
• Expert survey• Mental maps
• Behavior trace studies
• Periodicals and archival research
• Content analysis
• Ethnographic decision models
13. Methods: Data Analysis
• How do you plan to analyze your data?– Qualitative data analysis
– Social network analysis
– Quantitative data analysis (Excell, SPSS
statistics, etc.)