Potential contributors to body weight gain and obesity?

1.

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education
«Ryazan State Medical University named after Academician I.P. Pavlov» of the Healthcare of Russian
Federation.
(FSBEI HE RyazSMU Russia)
Department of foreign languages
Added flavors: potential contributors to body weight gain and obesity?
Perfomed by
The 3rd year student
Group 32
Vasilyeva Anna Pavlovna
The Faculty of Therapy
Inspected by
Associate Professor,
Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences:
Karyakina Elena Sergeevna
Ryazan, 2022

2.

Content
Article «Added flavors: potential contributors to body weight gain
and obesity?».......................................................................................................................................... 3
A brief overview ..................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 4
Concept, mechanisms and research ....................................................................... 5
Conclusions............................................................................................................................... 16
Перевод статьи «Добавленные ароматизаторы: потенциальные
факторы, способствующие увеличению массы тела и ожирению?»
.......................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Краткий обзор. .................................................................................................................... 18
Введение .................................................................................................................................... 19
Понятия, механизмы и исследования .......................................................... 21
Выводы....................................................................................................................................... 34
Glossary.................................................................................................................................................... 36
Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 38
Перевод резюме ............................................................................................................................... 41

3.

4.

Food additives
flavor enhancers
flavors
sweeteners

5.

Food additives
gelling agents
colorants
emulsifiers
stabilizers
thickeners and
preservatives…

6.

Facts!
The industrial production of flavorings began in the
nineteenth century.
Vanillin was synthesized by Timann and
Haarmann in 1874.

7.

Two types of flavors
natural
synthetic
- essential oils,
- oleoresins,
- extracts.
- chemical compounds

8.

Do food flavorings cause obesity?

9.

There are two mechanisms by which flavorings can
stimulate food intake and increase body weight:
Added flavors promote hedonic eating;
Added flavors disrupt flavor-nutrient learning.

10.

Control nutrition
Homeostatic system
Homeostatic control is aimed at
maintaining the current body weight
by regulating energy consumption and
expenditure. Otherwise, its main
purpose is to eat food for survival.
Hedonic system
The goal of hedonic eating is to eat
for pleasure. Eating due to hedonic
mechanisms may include additional
calories that would not be consumed
with homeostatic control.

11.

The picture "a"
shows a balanced
regulation, for
example, when
eating fresh
strawberries. The
consumption of
products occurs in
accordance with
energy needs.

12.

The picture "b" illustrates the
consumption of processed
and ultra-tasty food with
strawberry flavor. Here, food
is consumed for pleasure,
regardless of the need for
energy. In this mechanism,
the speed of eating increases,
and the endogenous feeling
of satiety is suppressed. This
leads to more food
consumption.

13.

The addition of flavorings can cause overeating and weight gain, disrupting the absorption of nutrients and
taste and impairing the ability to predict nutrients in foods. Of course, flavorings cause a discrepancy
between the orosensory characteristics of food and the corresponding nutritional components. Variability
leads to a violation of the formation of taste associations. As a consequence, the inability to predict nutrients
correctly leads to an increase in body weight.

14.

Orosensation
These are the taste sensations of food in a
person's mouth during a meal.
It can be formed artificially in order to increase
the attractiveness of the product to the
consumer.

15.

Animals in research
goat
pony
cow
piglet
rat
primate

16.

The first approach
The first kind of studies tested the preference of animals regarding
flavored and non-flavored feed. The some animals are exposed at the
same time period to one or more friends with added flavors
(intervention) and anon-flavored feed (control). Feed intake per time
unit was the primary outcome in these experiments. It was
significantly higher for at least one added flavor tested in the
intervention as compared to the control in studies in goats and ponies.
However, one preference study did not find differences between
flavored and non-flavored feed in lactating cows and another study
even described a significantly lower intake of flavored feed in postweaning piglets.

17.

The second research
In a second type of studies using a within-subject design, the same animals were exposed
consecutively to one or more feeds with added flavors (intervention) and non-flavored
feed (control). Feed intake and body weight gain per time interval were the primary
outcomes in these experiments. They were higher in the intervention as compared to the
control for orange flavor in a study with calves but no difference was found in the feed
intake of second-lactation cows. In another study in baboons, there was a trend towards
higher feed intake for one (chocolate, fruit punch, lemon, orange) but not another (apple,
lemon, orange, sugar) set of added flavors. In a second experiment, consecutive
application of a punch and orange flavor increased the feed intake. However, the study
had two major drawbacks which might bias the findings: First, the proportion of simple
carbohydrates was different between flavored (25%) and unflavored (5%) chow. Second,
the unflavored feed was also offered during the intervention period.

18.

The third study
In a third kind of studies, applying a between-subject design, groups of different animals were exposed
to either one or more feeds with added flavors (intervention) or non-flavored feed (control).
Comparisons of feed intake, body weight gain, and final body weight between the intervention and
control groups were the primary outcomes in these experiments. Feed intake was significantly higher in
the intervention as compared to the control for at least one added flavor in various studies in preweaning piglets, post-weaning piglets, lactating sows, and pre-weaning calves, and there was a trend
towards higher feed intake in pre-weaning and post-weaning piglets, as well as post-weaning calves.
Body weight gain was significantly higher in the intervention as compared to the control for at least
one added flavor in several reports in pre-weaning piglets, post-weaning piglets, and growing pigs, as
well as in pre-weaning calves and in calves generally. There was a trend towards higher body weight
gain in post-weaning piglets and post-weaning calves. Furthermore, final body weight was significantly
higher in the intervention as compared to the control group in pre-weaning piglets, post-weaning
piglets, and pre-weaning and post-weaning calves. In some reports, body weight tended to be higher in
post-weaning piglets and in calves. However, several studies did not observe differences between the
intervention and control groups in at least one period of life concerning feed intake, body weight gain,
and final body weight. One study shows convincingly that novel flavors unconditionally suppress
weight gain but not feed intake in the absence of flavor-calorie associations in rats.

19.

Research results
Taken together, these studies have indicated that adding
flavorings can increase food intake, body weight gain, and
increase final body weight. The mechanisms of this influence
have not yet been studied.
Thus, only indirect evidence is currently available that adding
flavorings to food can contribute to obesity in humans.

20.

Thank you for your attention!
Be healthy and happy!