Perm State Medical University

1.

Perm State Medical University
Medicine in the 20th century
Manylova I.A.
Medical – Preventive Faculty
Group 21-03
Scientific adviser: Maslova
S.M.
Perm 2021

2.

Contents
1. Introduction
2. Combating infection
3. Infectious diseases and chemotherapy
4. Immunology
5. Endocrinology

3.

The 20th century produced such
a plethora of discoveries and
advances that in some ways the
face of medicine changed out of
all recognition.
Introduction
The rapid progress of medicine
in this era was reinforced by
enormous improvements in
communication between
scientists throughout the world.

4.

In the first half of the 20th century,
emphasis continued to be placed
on combating infection, and
notable landmarks were also
attained in endocrinology,
nutrition, and other areas. In the
years following World War II,
insights derived from cell
biology altered basic concepts of
the disease process.

5.

Infectious diseases
and chemotherapy
In the 20th century, ongoing research
concentrated on the nature of infectious diseases
and their means of transmission. Increasing
numbers of pathogenic organisms were discovered
and classified. Some, such as the rickettsias, which
cause diseases like typhus, are smaller than
bacteria; some are larger, such as
the protozoans that engender malaria and
other tropical diseases. The smallest to be
identified were the viruses, producers of many
diseases, among them mumps, measles, German
measles, and polio.
In 1910 Peyton Rous showed that a virus could
also cause a malignant tumour, a sarcoma in
chickens.

6.

Ehrlich
Germany was well to the forefront
in medical progress. The scientific
approach to medicine had been
developed there long before it
spread to other countries, and
postgraduates flocked to German
medical schools from all over the
world. The opening decade of the
20th century has been well
described as the golden age of
German medicine. Outstanding
among its leaders was Paul Ehrlich.

7.

Immunology
When Edward
Jenner introduced vaccination agai
nst the virus that causes smallpox,
the identification of viruses was still
100 years in the future. It took
almost another half century to
discover an effective method of
producing antiviral vaccines that
were both safe and effective.

8.

The mechanisms of antibody activity
were used to devise diagnostic tests for
a number of diseases. In 1906 August
von Wassermann gave his name to
the blood test for syphilis, and in 1908
Charles Mantoux developed a skin test
for tuberculosis. At the same time,
methods of producing effective
substances for inoculation were
improved, and immunization against
bacterial diseases made rapid progress.

9.

Endocrinology
At the beginning of the 20th century,
endocrinology was in its infancy. Indeed, it was
not until 1905 that Ernest Starling, a pupil of
British physiologist Edward Sharpey-Schafer,
introduced the term hormone for the internal
secretions of the endocrine glands. In 1891
English physician George Redmayne
Murray achieved the first success in
treating myxedema (the common form
of hypothyroidism) with an extract of
the thyroid gland. Three years later, SharpeySchafer and George Oliver identified in extracts
of the adrenal glands a substance that
raised blood pressure. In 1901 Jokichi Takamine,
a Japanese chemist working in the United
States, isolated this active principle, known
as epinephrine (adrenaline).

10.

Thank you for
your attention!