Relative clauses, clause of purpose

1.

2.

3.

Subordinate clause → 1. Reported Clause
(придаточное изъяснительное (дополнительное))
He asked if he could come in.
→ 2. Relative Clause
(определительное )
I don’t have the CD you are looking for.
→ 3. Adverbial Clause
(обстоятельственное)
I will be ready when he comes.

4. Relative clauses (придат. определительные предложения)→ служат определением по отношению к сущ-му глав. предложения

Defining relative clauses
лимитирующие
Non-defining relative clauses
описательные
who (whom), which, that
whose, when, where, why

5. Defining relative clauses

• Лимитирующие придаточные описывают признаки,
присущие только данному лицу или предмету и
отличающие его от всех лиц или предметов того же
класса, или описывают признаки, присущие данному
классу лиц или предметов. лимитирующие – нельзя
опустить без ущерба для понимания общего смысла.
(не отделяются запятой)
The people who/that live in the village get up early.
I’ve lost the book which/that you lent me.
Who refers to people and which refers to things,
while that can be used for either people or things.

6.

• Каждое из этих соединительных местоимений
может быть и подлежащим и дополнением в
придаточном предложении
The film that/which is on at the local cinema won
three Oscars this year. (subject pronoun)
The man who/that you described is the boss.(object
pronoun)
• Местоимения(дополнения) часто опускаются в
разговорном English.
The film we saw last week is a huge hit in the USA.
• Местоимения(подлежащие) не могут быть
опущены.

7.

• Притяжат. местоимение whose также может
употребляться в лимитирующих
определительных придаточных:
The girl whose mobile phone was stolen is sitting
over there.
• Where, when и why также используются как
связки в придаточных такого типа.
The street where we live has been renamed.
I’ll never forget the moment when I first saw you.
There are many reasons why I want to speak to you.

8.

Non-defining relative clauses
• Описательные содержат дополнительную
информацию об описываемом лице или
предмете. Без такой инфо можно обойтись.
Главное предложение отделяется запятой.
Kevin, who works at the hospital, often helps me with
my research.
He lives in Plymouth, which is the biggest city in the
South-West of England.
• Каждое из этих соединительных местоимений
может быть и подлежащим и дополнением в
придаточном предложении и они не могут быть
опущены.

9.

Elephants, which are the largest land animals, are
hunted for the ivory (слоновая кость) and their tusks
(бивни).
Natasha, who I knew well when she was younger, has
come back to live in Russia.
• В описательных придаточных предложениях
никогда не употребляется that.
His sister, who was very beautiful, married Tom
Hopkins.
• whose, when, where также употребляются для
связки главного и придаточного этого типа.
Gillian, whose husband works with me, has just had

10.

Cyprus, where lots of Russians go on holiday, has
sunshine for over 320 days a year.
We saw them in town on Sunday, when the shops
were closed.
• Which может использоваться в описательных,
относясь ко всему главному предложению в
целом.
She has lost a lot of weight, which surprised me .
We were held up in heavy traffic, which made us late
for the meeting.
hold up – задержаться в пробке, заторе
heavy traffic – интенсивное движение транспорта

11.

Task 1
Complete the sentences with the words: which or
whose.
1. He likes the music ………….. is being played by the
orchestra. 2. It is the event ………... place in history
can’t be overestimated. 3. I was offered a drink
………….. taste was new and unfamiliar. 4. They all
began to give me advice and tell me what to do,
……… I hated. 5. I just remember that we are
meeting in the café the name of ……….. begins with
letter “F”.

12.

Task 2
Complete the sentences with the words: what or
that.
1. Tell me ……… you know about this architect. 2. No
one believed me when I told them ……. I had been
at that great concert. 3. Show me ………… you’ve
prepared for your sister as a souvenir. 4. A good
new pen is exactly ………. I need. 5. I’m sure …….. he
is telling the truth: he’s never lied to me.

13.

Task 3 Complete the relative clauses using: that, who, whom,
which, where, why, when. In some cases more than one
variants are possible.
1) The Committee ……….. coordinates our actions will be
dissolved (распущен).
2) The letter was from woman ………. I know slightly.
3) We arrived in the city ………… I had been born.
4) John woke up at that very moment …….. they were leaving.
5) Alice had always wanted to visit Brighton. That was the
reason ……… we decided to spend our holidays there.
6) There are a lot more people here ……… are much better
qualified.

14.

Clauses of Purpose - Придаточные предложения цели.
Adverbial Clause of Purpose
1. Придаточные предложения цели указывают на тот
факт, с какой целью совершается действие главного
предложения. Придаточные предложения цели
отвечают на следующие вопросы:
what for? – зачем?/для чего?
for what purpose? –с какой целью?
Они соединяются с главным предложением с помощью
союзов:
so that, so, in order that – чтобы, для того чтобы;
in order that – (для того) чтобы.
Союз so that – наиболее употребительный, а в
разговорной речи часто употребляется союз so.

15. Clauses of Purpose are introduced with

•to/in order to/ so as - чтобы
•so that+ can/will (present/future reference)
•so that+ could/would (past reference)
•with the aim of Ving – с целью
•For +noun /Ving
•in case + present/future reference
•in case + past reference
He studies to/ in order to become a good engineer.
She’ll stay in an office so as she will fulfill her work.
Joe joined the cooking club so that he could prepare food
better.
She went up with this idea with the aim of standing out in a
crowd.
Ann needs a special liquid for removing nail polish from her
nails.
Leave earlier in case you run into traffic.
She kept a second set of keys in case she lost the first
one.

16. Negative Purpose are introduced with

• in order not to/ so as not – чтобы не
• so that+ can’t/won’t (present/future reference)
• so that+ couldn’t/wouldn’t (past reference)
• for fear + might / should – из опасения, что..
• for fear of smth / of Ving – чтобы не
• prevent +сущ. / местоим from Ving
• to avoid Ving
Chris took a taxi so as not to be late for work.
He’s put a password in his laptop so that others can’t use
it.
They hid the truth from him so that he wouldn’t be upset.
Pete kept his valuables in a safe for fear of someone
stealing them.
She drew the curtains to prevent the sunlight coming in.
He takes the bus to avoid spending money on petrol.

17.

Выполните у. 4а с. 32

18.

У. 5 с. 33 Paul and his friends are going on a mountain trip. Look
at what they've taken and make sentences using “in case”.
Camera
tent
sandwiches water
map
jackets
1. They’ve taken a camera in case they see some amazing views.
2. … some …
You may use the ideas:
need to stay the night
get thirsty
cold (about the weather)
get lost
get hungry