Indians

3.

Indians - Индейцы
[indians]
Indian woman -
[ˈɪndɪən ˈwʊmən]
Индианка
Indian - Индеец
[ˈɪndɪən]

Plains Indians or Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies are
the Native American tribes and First Nation band governments who have historically
lived on the Interior Plains (the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies) of North
America. While hunting-farming cultures have lived on the Great Plains for centuries
prior to European contact, the region is known for the horse cultures that flourished
from the 17th century through the late 19th century. Their historic nomadism and
armed resistance to domination by the government and military forces of Canada and
the United States have made the Plains Indian culture groups an archetype in
literature and art for Native Americans everywhere.
The Plains tribes are usually divided into two broad classifications which overlap to
some degree. The first group became a fully nomadic horse culture during the 18th
and 19th centuries, following the vast herds of buffalo, although some tribes
occasionally engaged in agriculture. These include the Arapaho, Assiniboine,
Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Comanche, Crow, Gros Ventre, Kiowa, Lakota, Lipan, Plains
Apache (or Kiowa Apache), Plains Cree, Plains Ojibwe, Sarsi, Nakoda (Stoney), and
Tonkawa. The second group were sedentary and semi-sedentary, and, in addition to
hunting buffalo, they lived in villages, raised crops, and actively traded with other
tribes. These include the Arikara, Hidatsa, Iowa, Kaw (or Kansa), Kitsai, Mandan,
Missouria, Omaha, Osage, Otoe, Pawnee, Ponca, Quapaw, Wichita, and the Santee
Dakota, Yanktonai and Yankton Dakota.

8.

wampum - вампум
[ˈwɒmpəm]
teepee - вигвам
[ˈtɪpiː]
canoe - каноэ
[kəˈnuː]

9.

maize - маис
[meɪz]
moccasins - мокасины
[moccasins]
mustang - мустанг
[ˈmʌstæŋ]

10.

tomahawk - томагавк
[ˈtɒməhɔːk]
totem - тотем
[ˈtəʊtəm]

11.

Wampum is a traditional shell bead of the Eastern Woodlands tribes of Native
Americans. It includes white shell beads hand fashioned from the North Atlantic
channeled whelk shell and white and purple beads made from the quahog or Western
North Atlantic hard-shelled clam. Before European contact, strings of wampum were
used for storytelling, ceremonial gifts, and recording important treaties and historical
events, such as the Two Row Wampum Treaty or The Hiawatha Belt. Wampum was
also used by the northeastern Indigenous tribes as a means of exchange, strung
together in lengths for convenience. The first Colonists mistook it for a currency and
adopted it as such in trading with them. Eventually, the Colonists applied their
technologies to more efficiently produce wampum, which caused inflation and
ultimately its obsolescence as currency.

12.

A tipi, also tepee or teepee and often called a lodge in older English writings, is a tent,
traditionally made of animal skins upon wooden poles. Modern tipis usually have a
canvas covering. A tipi is distinguished from other conical tents by the smoke flaps at
the top of the structure.
Historically, the tipi has been used by some Indigenous peoples of the Plains in the
Great Plains and Canadian Prairies of North America, notably the seven sub-tribes of
the Sioux, among the Iowa people, the Otoe and Pawnee, and among the Blackfeet,
Crow, Assiniboines, Arapaho, and Plains Cree. They are also traditional on the other
side of the Rocky Mountains by tribes such as the Yakama and the Cayuse. They are
still in use in many of these communities, though now primarily for ceremonial
purposes rather than daily living. While Native American cultures and civilizations
and First Nation band governments from other regions have used other types of
dwellings (pueblos, wigwams, and longhouses), tipis are often stereotypically and
incorrectly associated with all Native Americans in the United States and Aboriginal
Canadians.
The tipi is durable, provides warmth and comfort in winter, is cool in the heat of
summer, and is dry during heavy rains. Tipis can be disassembled and packed away
quickly when people need to relocate and can be reconstructed quickly upon settling
in a new area. Historically, this portability was important to Plains Indians with their
at-times nomadic lifestyle. A similar structure, the lavvu, is used by the Indigenous
Sámi people of northern Europe.

13.

A canoe is a lightweight narrow water vessel, typically pointed at both ends and open
on top, propelled by one or more seated or kneeling paddlers facing the direction of
travel and using a single-bladed paddle.
In British English, the term "canoe" can also refer to a kayak, while canoes are then
called Canadian or open canoes to distinguish them from kayaks.
Canoes were developed by cultures all over the world, including some designed for
use with sails or outriggers. Until the mid-1800s the canoe was an important means of
transport for exploration and trade, and in some places is still used as such,
sometimes with the addition of an outboard motor. Where the canoe played a key role
in history, such as the northern United States, Canada, and New Zealand, it remains
an important theme in popular culture.
Canoes are now widely used for competition and pleasure, such as racing,
whitewater, touring and camping, freestyle and general recreation. Canoeing has
been part of the Olympics since 1936. The intended use of the canoe dictates its hull
shape, length, and construction material. Historically, canoes were dugouts or made
of bark on a wood frame, but construction materials evolved to canvas on a wood
frame, then to aluminum. Most modern canoes are made of molded plastic or
composites such as fiberglass or those incorporating kevlar, or graphite.

14.

Maize, also known as corn (North American and Australian English), is a cereal grain
first domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico about 10,000 years ago.
The leafy stalk of the plant produces pollen inflorescences and separate ovuliferous
inflorescences called ears that yield kernels or seeds, which are fruits.
Maize has become a staple food in many parts of the world, with the total production
of maize surpassing that of wheat or rice. In addition to being consumed directly by
humans (often in the form of masa), maize is also used for corn ethanol, animal feed
and other maize products, such as corn starch and corn syrup. The six major types of
maize are dent corn, flint corn, pod corn, popcorn, flour corn, and sweet corn. Sugarrich varieties called sweet corn are usually grown for human consumption as kernels,
while field corn varieties are used for animal feed, various corn-based human food
uses (including grinding into cornmeal or masa, pressing into corn oil, and
fermentation and distillation into alcoholic beverages like bourbon whiskey), and as
chemical feedstocks. Maize is also used in making ethanol and other biofuels.

15.

A moccasin is a shoe, made of deerskin or other soft leather, consisting of a sole
(made with leather that has not been "worked") and sides made of one piece of
leather, stitched together at the top, and sometimes with a vamp (additional panel of
leather). The sole is soft and flexible and the upper part often is adorned with
embroidery or beading. Though sometimes worn inside, it is chiefly intended for
outdoor use. Historically, it is the footwear of many indigenous people of North
America; moreover, hunters, traders, and European settlers wore them.
Etymologically, the moccasin derives from the Algonquian language Powhatan word
makasin and from the Proto-Algonquian word *maxkeseni (shoe).

16.

A tomahawk is a type of single-handed axe native to the many Indigenous peoples
and nations of North America, traditionally resembling a hatchet with a straight
shaft. The term came into the English language in the 17th century as an adaptation of
the Powhatan (Virginian Algonquian) word.
Tomahawks were general-purpose tools used by Native Americans and later the
European colonials with whom they traded, and often employed as a hand-to-hand
weapon. The metal tomahawk heads were originally based on a Royal Navy boarding
axe and used as a trade-item with Native Americans for food and other provisions.

17.

A totem (Ojibwe doodem) is a spirit being, sacred object, or symbol that serves as an
emblem of a group of people, such as a family, clan, lineage, or tribe, such as in the
Anishinaabe clan system.
While the word totem itself is an anglicisation of the Ojibwe term, and both the word
and beliefs associated with it are part of the Ojibwe language and culture, belief in
tutelary spirits and deities is not limited to the Ojibwe people. Similar concepts,
under differing names and with variations in beliefs and practices, may be found in a
number of cultures worldwide. The term has also been adopted, and at times
redefined, by anthropologists and philosophers of different cultures.
Contemporary neoshamanic, New Age, and mythopoetic men's movements not
otherwise involved in the practice of a traditional, tribal religion have been known to
use "totem" terminology for the personal identification with a tutelary spirit or spirit
guide. However, this can be seen as cultural misappropriation.

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